Beyond Intrinsic Motivation: The Role of Autonomous Motivation in User Experience

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The analysis identified four high-level themes: Purpose; Qualities of the technology; Being good or bad for people; and Values, identity and emotional connection.

“Specifically, we identified four high-level themes (Purpose; Qualities of the technology; Being good or bad for people; and Values, identity and emotional connection).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The open-ended responses reflect actual experiences rather than constructed narratives.

May combine two claims.

The pilot solution resulted in strong model fits, and when comparing outcomes across profiles, medium-to-large effect sizes were observed.

“This solution resulted in strong model fits, and when comparing outcomes across profiles, we observed medium-to-large effect sizes.”

May combine two claims.

The leaning towards autonomous regulations was stronger in the positive condition, which had lower values for amotivation (M=1.73) and extrinsic motivation (M=1.76), and higher values for identified (M=5.34), integrated (M=3.8) and intrinsic (M=5.81) regulations.

“This leaning towards autonomous regulations was stronger in the positive condition, which had lower values for amotivation (M = 1.73) and extrinsic motivation (M = 1.76), and higher values for identified (M = 5.34), integrated (M = 3.8) and intrinsic (M = 5.81) regulations.”

May combine two claims.

In both positive and negative conditions, the mean scores for the PANAS were positive (M=1.96 and M=0.61, respectively).

“In both positive and negative conditions, the mean scores for the PANAS were positive (M = 1.96 and M = 0.61, respectively).”

May combine two claims.

Participants in Amotivated-Intrinsic were by far most likely to describe engagement in terms of compulsion and empty habits (63% vs 20% in Amotivated, <10% other), or escapism (32% vs 14% Medium, <10% other).

“Participants in the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile were by far most likely to describe their engagement in terms of compulsion and empty habits (63% vs. 20% in the Amotivated profile, and <10% in other profiles), or in terms of escapism (32% vs. 14% in the Medium profile and <10% in other profiles).”

May combine two claims.

High Quality and Medium scored relatively high on usability, External was close to the midpoint, only Amotivated featured very low UMUX scores, and Amotivated-Intrinsic showed quite high UMUX scores.

“High Quality and Medium profiles scored relatively high on usability, while the External profile was close to the midpoint of the UMUX scale.Only the Amotivated profile featured very low UMUX scores.In contrast, the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile showed quite high UMUX scores-only a little below the High Quality profile.”

May combine two claims.

Mentions of value disagreement were more common than agreement in all profiles except High Quality, and positive value agreement was relatively rare (about 5% of all descriptions).

“Mentions of value disagreement were more common than agreement in all profiles except the High Quality profile, and description of positive value agreement was relatively rare in general (in about 5% of all descriptions).”

May combine two claims.

Self-attribution scores were relatively undifferentiated; even Amotivated-Intrinsic was not significantly different from High-Quality; exception Amotivated featured much lower self-attribution than all other profiles.

“In comparison to other metrics, self-attribution scores were relatively undifferentiated.Even the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile was not significantly different from the High-Quality profile.An exception to this trend was the Amotivated profile which featured much lower selfattribution scores than all other profiles (see Figure 5).”

May combine two claims.

Varieties of extrinsic motivation were important in differentiating outcomes and often associated with positive UX.

“While previous work in HCI has neglected extrinsic motivation or treated it as a negative factor [36, 59, 105, 118], we found that varieties of extrinsic motivation were important in differentiating outcomes and often associated with positive UX.”

May combine two claims.

All three basic needs received higher scores in the positive condition than the negative condition, with no overlap in confidence intervals.

“As listed in Table 3, all three basic needs received higher scores in the positive condition than the negative condition, with no overlap in confidence intervals.”

May combine two claims.

Participants commented on efficiency, convenience and ease of use (~40%); ability to integrate or adapt to needs (~18%); and ways technology was exceptional (~19%).

“Participants commented on efficiency, convenience and ease of use (∼ 40%); the ability to integrate or adapt to their needs (∼ 18%, e.g., 'ready to be customised to fit my unique needs.I started small […] but soon discovered the true power of this app'.(ID343)), and ways in which the technology was exceptional (∼ 19%), whether in outperforming alternatives or continually getting better over time.”

May combine two claims.

The Amotivated-Intrinsic profile scores substantially higher on intrinsic motivation than the External profile, yet these profiles differ little in terms of PANAS scores.

“The Amotivated-Intrinsic profile, for example, scores substantially higher on intrinsic motivation than the External profile, yet these profiles differ little in terms of PANAS scores.”

May combine two claims.

Mentions of value disagreement were most prevalent in Amotivated-Intrinsic (38%), largely focused on poor perception of other users, sense of fakeness, and concerns with technology companies.

“Mentions of value disagreement were most prevalent in the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile (38% of responses).This largely focused on poor perception of other users, and a sense of fakeness, alongside concerns with technology companies (e.g., 'It represents the aggresive capitalism around me which goes against my values'.(ID295)).”

May combine two claims.

In the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile, pleasure scores are considerably higher than in the Amotivated profile and equivalent to those in the Medium profile.

“Another notable exception is the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile where pleasure scores are considerably higher than in the Amotivated profile and equivalent to those in the more autonomously motivated Medium profile.”

May combine two claims.

Users in Amotivated-Intrinsic were most likely to suggest technology was bad for people (61%), focused on bad habits and compulsion, or diminished mood and self-image.

“Meanwhile, users in the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile were most likely to suggest the technology was bad for people (61%).This focused largely on how the technology fed bad habits and compulsion, or diminished mood and self-image.”

May combine two claims.

Statistical testing supported rejection of the null hypothesis for H1, indicating significant differences in UX outcomes for all pairwise comparisons between profiles.

“Statistical testing supported the rejection of the null hypothesis for H1, indicating significant differences in UX outcomes for all pairwise comparisons between profiles”

May combine two claims.

Of all profiles, the High Quality profile is most autonomous, with particularly high scores for integrated regulation.

“Of all the profiles, the High Quality profile is most autonomous in this sense, with particularly high scores for integrated regulation, the most autonomous form of extrinsic motivation.”

May combine two claims.

These profiles were associated with significant differences in how users experienced their technology use and qualitative differences in how users described their engagement.

“These profiles were associated with significant differences in how users experienced their technology use and qualitative differences in how users described their engagement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Most participants (n=201) used the technology at least 4 times per day, and only 15 used it less than once per week.

“Most participants (n = 201) used the technology at least 4 times per day, and only 15 used the technology less than once per week.”

May combine two claims.

More autonomously motivated profiles scored consistently higher on affect, with pronounced differences even between adjacent profiles; External, Amotivated-Intrinsic and Amotivated profiles featured fairly neutral affect scores.

“More autonomously motivated profiles scored consistently higher on affect, with pronounced differences even between adjacent profiles.External, Amotivated-Intrinsic and Amotivated profiles, in contrast, featured fairly neutral affect scores.”

May combine two claims.

The External profile scored slightly above the more autonomous Medium profile on relatedness, competence, popularity and security, but these differences were not statistically significant.

“The External profile represents one exception to this general pattern, scoring slightly above the more autonomous Medium profile on relatedness, competence, popularity and security (albeit these differences are not statistically significant).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other technologies included streaming media (9%), media authoring apps (6%), voice assistants (4%) and AI Chatbots (3%).

“Other technologies included streaming media (9%), media authoring apps (6%), voice assistants (4%) and AI Chatbots (3%).”

May combine two claims.

In the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile, 73% of participants reported on social media technologies, with another 17% reporting on entertainment technologies.

“However, only one profile was strongly dominated by a particular kinds technology: in the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile 73% of participants reported on social media technologies, with another 17% reporting on entertainment technologies.”

May combine two claims.

The results are consistent with prior findings: participants in the positive condition reported higher mean scores than those in the negative condition on every dimension of need satisfaction, positive affect, usability and self-attribution.

“In these terms we find our results are consistent with prior findings: participants in the positive condition reported higher mean scores than those in the negative condition on every dimension of need satisfaction, positive affect, usability and self-attribution.”

May combine two claims.

For the High Quality profile, mean scores for all needs are comfortably above the respective mean scores, both overall and for the positive condition.

“For the most autonomous profile-High Quality-mean scores for all needs are comfortably above the respective mean scores, both overall and for the positive condition (see Tables 3, A4, A5 and Figure 4).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From the accounts, five high-level themes with nested sub-themes were identified.

“From these accounts we identified five high-level themes, with nested sub-themes.”

May combine two claims.

The Amotivated-Intrinsic profile showed even higher levels of amotivation, while extrinsic regulations were low.

“This profile showed even higher levels of amotivation, while extrinsic regulations (and especially autonomous extrinsic regulations) were low: indicating little conscious valuing of the activity.”

May combine two claims.

The profiles observed were not technology specific; all profiles contained multiple technology types, and all technology types appeared in multiple profiles.

“Importantly, the profiles we observed were not technology specific.Some technologies were more prominent in particular profiles, but all profiles contained multiple technology types, and all technology types appeared in multiple profiles (see Table 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants' written accounts contained 147 words on average (SD=67), ranging from 25 to 621 words.

“Participants' written accounts contained 147 words on average (SD = 67), ranging from 25 to 621 words.”

May combine two claims.

After Holm-Bonferroni correction, 48 comparisons gave significant results at p<0.05, and 33 of these were significant at p<0.001.

“After adjustment 48 comparisons gave significant results at < 0.05, and 33 of these were significant at < 0.001.”

May combine two claims.

Active and self-driven engagement was less common in Extrinsic and Amotivated profiles (~25%) and least common in Amotivated-Intrinsic (8%).

“Such active and self-driven engagement was less common in the Extrinsic and Amotivated profiles (∼ 25%) and least common in the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile (8%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In all profiles the most common technology category was social media (20-25%).

“In all profiles the most common category was social media (20-25%).”

May combine two claims.

The High Quality and Medium profiles have very similar intrinsic motivation scores, yet display significant and sometimes large differences across all three basic needs, meaning, self-esteem and PANAS; they differ most substantially in integrated regulation.

“The High Quality and Medium profiles, for example, have very similar intrinsic motivation scores, yet display significant and sometimes large differences across all three basic needs, meaning, self-esteem and PANAS.These profiles differ most substantially in terms of (extrinsic) integrated regulation.”

May combine two claims.

Scores for need satisfaction and affect were often far higher in autonomous profiles than in the positive condition, and far lower in non-autonomous, amotivated profiles than in the negative condition.

“Scores for need satisfaction and affect (PANASoften treated as a yardstick of positive UX [e.g., 37, 38, 61, 103]) were often far higher in autonomous profiles than in the positive condition, and far lower in non-autonomous, amotivated, profiles than in the negative condition.”

May combine two claims.

The Medium profile scores similarly to High Quality for intrinsic motivation, but lower on all other regulations except amotivation.

“This profile scores similarly to the High Quality profile for intrinsic motivation, but scores lower on all other regulations except amotivation, indicating a lower quantity of motivation to engage with the technology in addition to the slightly less autonomous quality of motivation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most commonly selected technology was social media (31%).

“Overall, the most commonly selected technology was social media (31%) (see also Table 2 and Table A3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Three participants wrote less than 50 words, and 85 wrote more than 200 words.

“Three participants wrote less than 50 words, and 85 wrote more than 200 words.”

May combine two claims.

UMUX scores showed lower variation between profiles and a less pronounced pattern overall.

“UMUX scores showed lower variation between profiles, and a less pronounced pattern overall.”

May combine two claims.

Higher intrinsic motivation was generally associated with higher PANAS scores, but this was not true in every instance.

“While (consistent with SDT propositions [80, p. 171]) we observed that higher intrinsic motivation was generally associated with higher PANAS scores, this was not true in every instance.”

May combine two claims.

The Amotivated profile shows low scores on all regulations except amotivation, and very little autonomous regulation.

“The Amotivated profile shows low scores on all regulations except amotivation, and in particular very little autonomous regulation.”

May combine two claims.

Entertainment was most commonly mentioned in Amotivated-Intrinsic (49%), followed by Medium (34%), High Quality (28%), Amotivated (21%) and External (5%).

“Entertainment was most commonly mentioned in the Amotivated-Intrinsic (49%), followed by the Medium (34%), High Quality (28%), Amotivated (21%) and External (5%) profiles.”

May combine two claims.

Such comments were less common in other profiles (13% average for whole sample) and particularly rare in High Quality (4%).

“Such comments were less common in other profiles (13% average for the whole sample) and particularly rare in the High Quality profile (4%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The median usage frequency was 2-3 times per day.

“The median usage frequency was 2-3 times per day.”

May combine two claims.

This was less common in Medium and Amotivated-Intrinsic (18% each) and rarest in Amotivated (7%) and External (5%).

“This was less common in the Medium and Amotivated-Intrinsic profiles (18% each) and rarest in the Amotivated (7%) and External (5%) profiles.”

May combine two claims.

Both the External and amotivated profiles are associated with low need satisfaction and PANAS scores.

“While both are associated with low need satisfaction and PANAS scores, the External profile (reflecting external control) scores far more highly for competence, relatedness and security satisfactions.”

May combine two claims.

The Amotivated-Intrinsic profile has very low need satisfaction scores, and participants described compulsion, bad habits and diminished emotional states in relation to their chosen technologies.

“These qualities are reflected in the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile's very low need satisfaction scores and in participants' descriptions of compulsion, bad habits and diminished emotional states in relation to their chosen technologies.”

May combine two claims.

Compared to other profiles, users in the High Quality profile reported greater meaning, need satisfaction and positive affect, and were more likely to connect the technology to their identity and values.

“Compared to other profiles, users in this profile reported greater meaning, need satisfaction and positive affect, and were more likely to connect the technology to their identity and values.”

May combine two claims.

In the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile, compulsive behaviour and low affect are observed alongside relatively dense intrinsic motivation, yet sparse need satisfaction.

“In short, in this profile, compulsive behaviour and low affect are observed alongside relatively dense intrinsic motivation, yet sparse need satisfaction.”

May combine two claims.

Participants in the two amotivated profiles were more likely to feel the technology was actively bad for them, and to think of quitting the technology.

“Participants in the two amotivated profiles, in contrast, were more likely to feel the technology was actively bad for them, and to think of quitting the technology [see also similar results in 16].”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Participants in the High Quality profile emphasised creative aspects of their technologies and connected them to their social roles.

“Our results also suggest other strategies to support integration: participants in the High Quality profile emphasised creative aspects of their technologies and connected them to their social roles (e.g., 'as a mom', '…gamer', '…tech guy').”

May combine two claims.

Participants in the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile reported very low scores for need satisfaction, alongside high scores for amotivation.

“However, while SDT associates intrinsic motivation with need satisfaction, participants in this profile in fact reported very low scores for need satisfaction, alongside high scores for amotivation-a construct associated with low need satisfaction [16] and high need frustration [80, p. 190].”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile, the factor score for intrinsic motivation is quite high, markedly higher than in the Amotivated and External profiles, and equivalent to about 5 out of 7 on the scale.

“Results for the low-autonomy Amotivated-Intrinsic profile complicate this picture: the factor score for intrinsic motivation in this profile is quite high: markedly higher than the intrinsic motivation scores in the Amotivated and External profiles (see Figure 2) and equivalent to ∼ 5 out of 7 on the scale.”

May combine two claims.

Participants in the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile commonly reported compulsive patterns of behaviour and had relatively high intrinsic motivation scores.

“They commonly reported compulsive patterns of behaviour and had relatively high intrinsic motivation scores.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When evaluating LPA models, we saw some evidence that a larger sample size may have supported a larger number of profiles.

“Indeed, when evaluating LPA models, we saw some evidence that a larger sample size may have supported a larger number of profiles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A number of participants reported that they were introduced to technologies by friends or adopted technologies together with friends.

“A number of participants reported that they were introduced to technologies by friends or adopted technologies together with friends.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Social media technologies were strongly represented in each of our profiles.

“Social media use is a strong candidate for future investigation: these technologies were strongly represented in each of our profiles, indicating that motivational profiles capture relevant differences in types of social media engagement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants were told to write in their own words without external aids (including LLMs), and copying and pasting into free text fields was disabled.

“Through all these questions, participants were told to write in their own words without external aids (including Large Language Models (LLM)).Copying and pasting into free text fields was disabled.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Responses were screened for data quality, including checking open questions, statistical markers of careless responding, and attention checks.

“These responses were then screened for data quality.For example, we checked responses to the open questions to ensure participants followed instructions: e.g., that they focused on direct personal experience rather than broad opinion.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' self-reports of their experiences and motivations are sincere and accurate.

May combine two claims.

Cronbach's for the positive scale was 0.89, and for the negative scale 0.86, indicating good reliability.

“Cronbach's for the positive scale was 0.89, and for the negative scale 0.86, indicating good reliability.”

May combine two claims.

The results complicate exclusively positive notions of intrinsic motivation and clarify how extrinsic motivation can contribute to positive UX.

“Our results complicate exclusively positive notions of intrinsic motivation and clarify how extrinsic motivation can contribute to positive UX.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study combines confirmatory testing with theory-informed exploratory analysis, consistent with recent recommendations concerning good research practice.

“Our study combines confirmatory testing with theory-informed exploratory analysis, consistent with recent recommendations concerning good research practice [84,107].”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [107]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Cronbach's scores indicated satisfactory levels of reliability for all need sub-scales except Security-control, which fell slightly below the typical benchmark of 0.7.

“Cronbach's scores indicated satisfactory levels of reliability for all need sub-scales except Security-control, which fell slightly below the typical benchmark of 0.7 (i.e., = 0.798, = 0.88, = 0.89, --= 0.86, = 0.77, = 0.66, -= 0.83, = 0.85).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study aimed for a sample size of approximately 500 participants.

“As such we aimed for a sample size of approx.500 participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At the end of the survey, participants were asked to honestly report whether they answered the questions in a 'sincere, conscious and engaged' way and whether they used ChatGPT or other LLMs.

“At the end of the survey, we asked participants to honestly report whether they answered the questions in a 'sincere, conscious and engaged' way and whether they used ChatGPT or other LLMs.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' self-reports of their experiences and motivations are sincere and accurate.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Data, analysis code and preregistration are provided at https://osf.io/eny6v/.

“Data, analysis code and preregistration (as time-stamped wiki) are provided at https://osf.io/eny6v/.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first and second authors met periodically at each stage of the coding process to review sample codes and themes, as well as check their sense and consistency.

“The first and second authors met periodically at each stage of the coding process to review sample codes and themes, as well as check their sense and consistency.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions, describing a digital technology they either 'felt good' about (positive condition) (n=254) or 'did not feel good' about (negative condition) (n=243).

“Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions, describing a digital technology they either 'felt good' about (positive condition) ( = 254) or 'did not feel good' about (negative condition) ( = 243).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After exclusions (n=76), 497 participants remained for analysis.

“After exclusions ( = 76), = 497 participants remained for analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

To confirm that participants understood the criteria, they answered a multiple choice question demonstrating understanding of the criteria and were directed back to the instructions until they answered correctly.

“To confirm that participants understood these criteria, they answered a multiple choice question demonstrating understanding of the criteria and were directed back to the instructions until they answered correctly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The survey included three attention check questions to check for careless responding.

“To check for careless responding, the survey also included three attention check questions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Only responses to the open questions were exported to NVIVO, to avoid potential biases from knowing which experimental condition or profile participants were assigned to.

“Only responses to the open questions were exported to NVIVO, to avoid potential biases from knowing which experimental condition or profile participants were assigned to.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The analysis of open questions took a bottom-up, inductive approach, avoiding a priori assumptions, guided by Braun and Clarke's Thematic Analysis.

“Instead, we took a bottom-up, or 'inductive' approach, avoiding a priori assumptions.This was guided by descriptions of good practice in Thematic Analysis (TA) as described by Braun and Clarke [12,14].”

• cites [12]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Motivation has been considered a central issue in HCI research.

“Perhaps naturally, then, motivation has been considered a central issue in HCI research [4]:”

• cites [4]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The results clarify the conditions under which extrinsic forms of motivation are autonomous and contribute positively to UX, dispelling the idea that extrinsic motivation in technology use can be reduced to a singular, negative phenomenon.

“Our results clarify the conditions under which extrinsic forms of motivation are autonomous and contribute positively to UX, dispelling the idea that extrinsic motivation in technology use can be reduced to a singular, negative phenomenon.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The UMI measures the degree to which participants' technology use is characterised by six distinct motivational regulations.

“The UMI measures the degree to which participants' technology use is characterised by six distinct motivational regulations [16].”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There remain gaps in understanding of motivation in technology use; it is unclear how motivation influences UX, and how technologies and contexts influence motivation.

“However, despite this acknowledged importance, there remain gaps in our understanding of motivation in technology use.It is unclear how motivation influences user experience (UX), and how technologies and contexts in turn influence motivation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Autonomy in motivational regulation concerns the degree to which users make an activity their own: how they internalise values and patterns of behaviour associated with an activity, alongside personal values, beliefs and patterns of behaviour.

“In contrast, autonomy in motivational regulation concerns the degree to which users make an activity their own: how they internalise the values and patterns of behaviour associated with an activity, alongside their personal values, beliefs and patterns of behaviour [80].”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Means for self-attribution were slightly higher in the positive condition (M=5.66 vs M=5.13), though both were comfortably above the midpoint, indicating users in both conditions tended to feel a sense of responsibility for outcomes.

“Finally, means for self-attribution were slightly higher in the positive condition (M = 5.66 vs. M = 5.13), though both were comfortably above the midpoint, indicating that users in both conditions tended to feel a sense of responsibility for the outcomes experienced.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

SDT posits that three basic psychological needs-autonomy, competence and relatedness-are expected to promote intrinsic motivation.

“In particular, SDT posits that three 'basic psychological needs'-autonomy, competence and relatedness-are expected to promote intrinsic motivation: spontaneous enjoyment, interest and continued engagement with the activity [80, pp. 123-178].”

• cites [80, pp. 123-178]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Conducting LPA on factor scores rather than raw measure scores is arguably optimal.

“Previous work has argued that it is 'arguably optimal' [5, p. 10] to conduct LPA on factor scores (e.g., resulting from a CFA), rather than raw measure scores.”

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The BCH method avoids normality assumptions and is insensitive to heteroscedasticity.

“It also avoids normality assumptions and is insensitive to heteroscedasticity [2].”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Mean scores for identified and intrinsic regulations in the negative condition are just above scale midpoint, indicating participants still felt their use was at least somewhat worthwhile and inherently satisfying.

“Mean scores for identified and intrinsic regulations in the negative condition are just above scale midpoint, indicating that these participants still felt their use of the selected technology was at least somewhat worthwhile and inherently satisfying.”

May combine two claims.

Conducting LPA on factor scores ensures that indicators are truly continuous and that measurement error has been corrected for.

“This ensures that the indicators used are truly continuous (as required by LPA) and that measurement error has been corrected for [5].”

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The profiles distinguished identity-grounded and often highly meaningful engagement from empty habit, and empty habit from external pressure.

“They distinguished identity-grounded and often highly meaningful engagement from empty habit, and empty habit from external pressure.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

OIT identifies six distinct forms of motivation, associated with different relationships to the self, qualities of experience, degrees of autonomy and patterns of behaviour.

“OIT identifies six distinct forms of motivation, associated with different relationships to the self, qualities of experience, degrees of autonomy and patterns of behaviour [79].”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Motivation is implicated in many of HCI's grand challenges.

“and is implicated in many of the field's 'grand challenges' [93,96].”

• cites [93]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [96]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

SDT considers intrinsic motivation inherently autonomous, due to its basis in spontaneous interest, and associates it with learning and growth.

“SDT considers intrinsic motivation inherently autonomous, due to its basis in spontaneous interest [80, p. 14], and also associates it with learning and growth [82, p. 222].”

• cites [80, p. 14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [82, p. 222]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Extrinsic motivation has commonly been neglected in HCI and UX research or else reduced to its less healthy and autonomous forms and exclusively associated with poor quality outcomes.

“Despite all this, extrinsic motivation has commonly been neglected in HCI and UX research [e.g., 1,94] or else reduced to its less healthy and autonomous forms (such as reward and punishment) and exclusively associated with poor quality outcomes [36,105].”

• cites [1]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [94]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [36]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [105]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

LPA is well established in psychology and particularly in SDT research.

“While LPA is a relatively novel technique in UX research, it is well established in psychology [5,66], and particularly in SDT research [e.g., 15,33,76,114].”

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [66]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [e.g., 15,33,76,114]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Differences in outcomes seem weakly related to intrinsic motivation and more strongly associated with extrinsic motivation.

“Elsewhere, differences in outcomes seem weakly related to intrinsic motivation and more strongly associated with extrinsic motivation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Motivation plays an important theoretical role in UX and design work.

“It plays an important theoretical role in UX and design work [e.g., 29,68,70]”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [68]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [70]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

When a technology frames an activity in a way that fits with the user's self-image, then it is experienced as autonomous and more likely to be accepted; when the framing challenges the user's self-image, then the activity is experienced as non-autonomous and more likely to be rejected.

“To give examples, when a technology frames an activity in a way that fits with the user's self-image (e.g., as 'a fun person', 'motivated', 'reliable') then it is experienced as autonomous and more likely to be accepted.When the framing challenges the user's self-image, then the activity is experienced as non-autonomous and more likely to be rejected [29, p. 735].”

• cites [29, p. 735]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Internalisation will often demand engagement and effort from the user, and as such seems likely to demand some existing level of motivation.

“Internalisation will often demand engagement and effort from the user, and as such seems likely to demand some existing level of motivation.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Existing motivation is a pre-requisite for further internalisation.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Counter to these assumptions, OIT holds that multiple motivational regulations will commonly be operative for a single activity, simultaneously.

“Counter to these assumptions, OIT holds that multiple motivational regulations will commonly be operative for a single activity, simultaneously [80, p. 184].”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rigby and Ryan articulate a seemingly related phenomenon, subsequently named the 'need density hypothesis'.

“While these tensions have not, to our knowledge, been addressed directly in core SDT research, Rigby and Ryan [74, p. 99] articulate a seemingly related phenomenon, subsequently named the 'need density hypothesis' [78].”

• cites [74]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [78]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It may mean a shift away from externally controlled motivation-based on reward, social pressure or guilt-and towards more autonomous regulation.

“Equally it may mean a shift away from externally controlled motivation-based on reward, social pressure or guilt-and towards more autonomous regulation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Gerstenberg et al. recently argued that OIT provides an ecological perspective that integrates activity into the broader context of a person's life, which designers can draw upon to support healthy sustainable motivation.

“Gerstenberg et al. recently argued that OIT provides 'an ecological perspective that integrates […] activity into the broader context of a person's life' [29, p. 727], which designers can draw upon to support healthy sustainable motivation [29].”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

We should not expect an amotivated user to engage in the 'confrontation with personally held values' required for integration.

“We should not, for example, expect an amotivated user to engage in the 'confrontation with personally held values' [29, p. 5] required for integration.”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Intrinsic motivation is widely considered an uncomplicated good, grounded in the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs which are essential to human flourishing.

“Intrinsic motivation is widely considered an uncomplicated good, grounded in the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs which are essential to human flourishing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Such intermediate strategies for internalisation may entail clarifying the value of an activity's outcomes and connecting these outcomes to the user's goals (identified regulation).

“Such intermediate strategies for internalisation may entail clarifying the value of an activity's outcomes and connecting these outcome to the user's goals (identified regulation as in Figure 7, middle).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Integrated regulation is considered the most autonomous and well-being supportive form of extrinsic motivation.

“While integrated regulation is considered the most autonomous and well-being supportive form of extrinsic motivation [79], it is inherently difficult to support this through design.”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.

The hypothesis that intrinsic motivation has other sources beyond the three basic needs contradicts current accounts in SDT, but is consistent with the results observed in the Amotivated-Intrinsic group.

“This contradicts current accounts in SDT, but is consistent with the results observed in our Amotivated-Intrinsic group.”

May combine two claims.

Digital technologies allow stimulation to be precisely calibrated, highly responsive to the user, and somewhat detached from wider consequences, and entertainment design is known to leverage such possibilities.

“Digital technologies allow stimulation to be precisely calibrated, highly responsive to the user, and somewhat detached from wider consequences, and entertainment design in particular is known to leverage such possibilities [48].”

• cites [48]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Within SDT, intrinsic motivation is described as a prototype of human proactivity experienced as highly autonomous, and an evolved growth-oriented potential characterizing bases for learning and developing.

“Within SDT it is described as 'a prototype of human proactivity that is experienced as highly autonomous', and an evolved 'growth-oriented potential, which… characterizes our bases for learning and developing' [82, p. 222].”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

SDT proposes that need satisfaction can support both intrinsic and autonomous extrinsic motivations.

“SDT proposes that need satisfaction can support both intrinsic and autonomous extrinsic motivations [80, p. 123, 202]”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The paper's account goes beyond previous accounts in explicitly articulating a mechanism for scale dependency in terms of internalisation and the temporal properties of motivational constructs.

“Our account goes beyond these previous accounts in explicitly articulating a mechanism for this scale dependency in terms of internalisation, and the temporal properties of motivational constructs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The paper's results support the idea that designers should not limit themselves to integrated regulation, but address the full spectrum of extrinsic and intrinsic motivations.

“Our results also support the idea that designers should not limit themselves to integrated regulation, but address the full spectrum of extrinsic and intrinsic motivations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ryan and Deci emphasise that truly autonomous extrinsic motivation involves bringing the future into the present-connecting immediate activity to the fulfilment of values and goals which are not directly present.

“Ryan and Deci emphasise that truly autonomous extrinsic motivation involves 'bring[ing] the future into the present' [80, p. 198]-connecting our immediate activity to the fulfilment of values and goals which are not directly present.”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Extrinsic forms of motivation should be seen as temporally extended and situated in the wider circumstances of a person's life.

“As such, extrinsic forms of motivation should be seen as temporally extended and situated in the wider circumstances of a person's life.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Gerstenberg et al. developed an OIT-grounded approach to design for behaviour change which they call 'technology-mediated regulatory transformation'.

“They developed an OIT-grounded approach to design for behaviour change which they call 'technology-mediated regulatory transformation'.”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The separation of basic needs from hedonic satisfactions seems likely to be more common in technology use than in other contexts.

“Finally, we note that the separation of basic needs from hedonic satisfactions seems likely to be more common in technology use than in other contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

OIT is vague about what happens when motivational regulation changes.

“OIT is vague about what happens when motivational regulation changes [29], and there has been a surprising lack of research on the dynamics of motivation.”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Amotivation is associated with low need satisfaction and high need frustration.

“However, while SDT associates intrinsic motivation with need satisfaction, participants in this profile in fact reported very low scores for need satisfaction, alongside high scores for amotivation-a construct associated with low need satisfaction [16] and high need frustration [80, p. 190].”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The self-confrontations associated with integration may be risky, requiring contextual, interpersonal or therapeutic support, to avoid backfiring and undermining motivation or self-image.

“Furthermore, the self-confrontations associated with integration may be risky, requiring contextual, interpersonal or therapeutic support, to avoid backfiring and undermining motivation or self-image.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Gerstenberg et al.'s approach assumes that these changes in regulation will provoke an experience of 'friction' between the two adjacent regulations, which the user must overcome.

“(3) These changes in regulation will provoke an experience of 'friction' between the two adjacent regulations, which the user must overcome.”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Generally, self-report of intrinsic motivation is operationalised via adjectives like 'enjoyable', 'interesting', and 'fun', which seem unlikely to distinguish between basic need satisfaction and hedonic aspects of the experience such as stimulation and novelty.

“Generally, self-report of intrinsic motivation is operationalised via adjectives like 'enjoyable', 'interesting', and 'fun' [e.g., 16,17], which seem unlikely to distinguish between basic need satisfaction and hedonic aspects of the experience such as stimulation and novelty.”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

While SDT generally expects basic need satisfaction to support positive experience, Rigby and Ryan suggest that in some cases games and other digital technologies may have properties which interfere with this.

“While SDT generally expects basic need satisfaction to support positive experience, Rigby and Ryan suggest that in some cases, games (and other digital technologies) may have properties which interfere with this.”

• cites [74]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lindenberg argues this risks creating gaps in the treatment of unhealthy engagement.

“He argues this risks creating gaps in the treatment of unhealthy engagement: 'the very distinction between the inherently noble connotations of intrinsic motivation and obsessive and addictive behaviour has been left unexamined' [53, p. 318].”

• cites [53]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The need density account primarily addresses problematic gaming behaviour, but its principles transfer readily to problematic behaviour with other forms of technology, such as social media.

“The account primarily addresses problematic gaming behaviour, but its principles transfer readily to problematic behaviour with other forms technology, such as social media.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Intrinsic motivation is considered by definition autonomous, experienced as being volitional and emanating from one's self.

“Intrinsic motivation is considered 'by definition, autonomous; […] experienced as being volitional and emanating from one's self' [80, p. 14].”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

While it may be reasonable to expect high levels of investment from the user in matters of health and high personal significance, this cannot be relied upon in other circumstances.

“While it may be reasonable to expect such high levels of investment from the user in matters of health and high personal significance, this cannot be relied upon in other circumstances.”

May combine two claims.

The paper's results support the idea of grounding design in OIT, as well as supporting certain details of the approach Gerstenberg et al. describe.

“Our results support the idea of grounding design in OIT, as well as supporting certain details of the approach Gerstenberg et al. describe.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Amotivation is a construct associated with the absence of need satisfaction and the lack of conscious volition.

“At the same time, the profile has a very high score for amotivation, a construct associated with the absence of need satisfaction [80, p. 190], and the lack of conscious volition.”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gerstenberg et al.'s work focuses in particular on guiding users to more autonomous forms of regulation in rehabilitation exercises, to support more sustainable engagement.

“Their work focuses in particular on guiding users to more autonomous forms of regulation in rehabilitation exercises, to support more sustainable engagement [29].”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Gerstenberg et al.'s approach is grounded in assumptions which are in tension with OIT propositions and which currently lack an evidential basis.

“However, their approach is grounded in some assumptions which are in tension with OIT propositions, and which currently lack an evidential basis.”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Lindenberg suggests this framing fails to account for factors such as stimulation that are intrinsic to the activity, motivating and enjoyable, yet unconnected to basic need satisfaction and lacking its positive, healthy associations.

“He suggests this framing fails to account for many factors, such as stimulation, which are intrinsic to the activity, motivating and enjoyable, yet are unconnected to basic need satisfaction and lack its positive, healthy, associations.”

• cites [53]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In developing such strategies, the paper's results and OIT more broadly suggest that users' responses to such interventions may be affected by the context, by their existing motivational profile for the activity and by nuances in design.

“In developing such strategies for motivational design, our results (and OIT more broadly) suggest that users' responses to such interventions may be affected by the context, by their existing motivational profile for the activity and by nuances in design [e.g., in the kind of reward and the way it is delivered, 80, p. 148].”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

On a broader understanding of what it means for a person to be autonomous, neither integrated nor identified regulation should be seen as inherently more autonomous than the other.

“on a broader understanding of what it means for a person to be autonomous [see, e.g., 21, 50, 67, 72], we suggest that neither of these regulations should be seen as inherently more autonomous than the other.”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [67]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Amotivation is expected to arise either from users' indifference to the activity or from conditions which undermine their sense that they are able to perform adequately or their expectation that the activity will lead to valued outcomes.

“This is expected to arise either from users' indifference to the activity, or from conditions which undermine either their sense that they are able to perform adequately or their expectation that the activity will lead to valued outcomes [80, p. 191].”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The work of Gerstenberg et al. is among the few works to investigate the factors which facilitate internalisation.

“The work of Gerstenberg et al. [30], discussed above, is among the few works to investigate the factors which facilitate internalisation.”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Wan and Chiou found that more 'addictive' behaviour could be associated with higher intrinsic motivation.

“Elsewhere, Wan and Chiou found that more 'addictive' behaviour could be associated with higher intrinsic motivation [112]”

• cites [112]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The results for the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile paint a picture of immediate but shallow pleasure and weak self-determination, rather than the growth-oriented potential SDT associates with intrinsic motivation.

“Rather than the 'growth-oriented potential' [82, p. 222] SDT associates with intrinsic motivation, these results paint a picture of immediate but shallow pleasure, and weak self-determination.”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The results for the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile fit some aspects of the need density account while raising challenges for other aspects.

“The results for our Amotivated-Intrinsic profile fit some aspects of the account while raising challenges for other aspects.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Gerstenberg et al.'s approach assumes that a user's motivation for an activity will be dominated by one motivational regulation.

“Specifically, the approach assumes: (1) A user's motivation for an activity will be dominated by one motivational regulation.”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Reflection and awareness play an important role in integrated regulation.

“More broadly, since both reflection and awareness play an important role in integrated regulation, it seems likely that there is value in design strategies which promote these mindsets, such as seamfulness [47], friction in interaction [22,60] and varieties of positive breakdown [8,10].”

May combine two claims.

In a study of online gamers, around a third of participants shared a motivational profile similar to the Amotivated-Intrinsic profile and likewise reported negative UX outcomes and low need satisfaction.

“In a study of online gamers [15], for example, around a third of participants shared a motivational profile similar to our Amotivated-Intrinsic profile, and likewise reported negative UX outcomes and low need satisfaction.”

• cites [15]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Intrinsic motivation is concerned with immediate, spontaneous experience.

“By contrast, intrinsic motivation is concerned with immediate, spontaneous, experience [80, p. 198]: 'the freely chosen continuation of an activity in”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [53]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Previous research in motivational psychology has proposed sub-types within intrinsic motivation, including stimulation, and posited a role for more hedonic needs such as arousal and novelty, in addition to the basic needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness.

“Previous research in motivational psychology has proposed sub-types within intrinsic motivation, including stimulation [106], and posited a role for more 'hedonic' needs, such as arousal [99,100] and novelty [31], in addition to the 'basic' needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness.”

• cites [106]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [99]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [100]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This may mean a shift away from amotivation, by increasing either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation.

“This may, for example, mean a shift away from amotivation, by increasing either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The degree of congruence between the intrinsic and extrinsic constructs can help clarify when intrinsic motivation scores are or are not grounded in basic need satisfaction.

“The degree of congruence between the intrinsic and extrinsic constructs can help clarify when intrinsic motivation scores are or are not grounded in basic need satisfaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Not all psychologists concur with SDT's view of intrinsic motivation.

“In interpreting these results, it is important to note that not all psychologists concur with SDT's view of intrinsic motivation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The need bubble account would be consistent with existing SDT propositions that intrinsic motivation follows from basic need satisfaction and that need satisfaction can be somewhat restricted to particular spheres of life.

“It would also be consistent with existing SDT propositions, namely that intrinsic motivation follows from basic need satisfaction [80, pp. 123-178] and that need satisfaction can be somewhat restricted to particular spheres of life [70].”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [70]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Evidence for the need density hypothesis remains inconclusive at present.

“Evidence for the need density hypothesis remains inconclusive at present [104, pp. 13-14].”

• cites [104]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.