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Cited by 16Youth Substance Use and School AttendanceFamily Caregiving in Mental IllnessPsychosocial Factors Impacting Youth

Family Behavioral Repertoires and Family Interaction Influence the Adaptive Behaviors of Individuals With Hikikomori

Open access
Nonaka, Shunsuke, Shimada, Hironori, Sakai, Motohiro·2020·Frontiers in Psychiatry
DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00977PMC PMC6976530
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Abstract

Background: Family support is key in the initial stages of psychological support for individuals with hikikomori. However, it remains necessary to confirm the relationship between families’ cognitive behavioral factors and the severity of hikikomori to understand ways of improving hikikomori. We examined the influences of family behavioral repertoires for coping with hikikomori and family interaction on the adaptive behaviors of individuals with hikikomori. We employed a control group to examine whether the influence of the adaptive behaviors is unique to families of individuals with hikikomori. Methods: We asked 185 parents of individuals with hikikomori (hikikomori group) and 460 parents of individuals with no experience of hikikomori (control group) to complete the Family Behavioral Repertoire Scale for coping with hikikomori (FBS-H), the Family Interaction Scale for Hikikomori (FIS-H), and the Adaptive Behaviors Scale for Hikikomori (ABS-H). Using the subscales of the ABS-H as the dependent variables, we conducted hierarchical multiple regression analyses wherein family behavioral repertoire was added in Step 1, experience frequency and cognition of contingency as control values were added in Step 2, family interaction was added in Step 3, and the interaction terms were added in Step 4. Results: The ABS-H total score and subscale scores were significantly lower in the hikikomori group than in the control group. The social participation subscale showed the largest difference, while the family subscale showed the smallest. In the hikikomori group, we observed a significant adjusted R2 for the family and value subscales (Step 1). The ΔR2 in Step 3 was significant for the interaction and family subscales. In the control group, significant adjusted R2 values were found for all ABS-H subscales in Step 1, but the ΔR2 in Step 3 was not significant for any subscales. Conclusion: Family-related cognitive behavioral factors such as family behavioral repertoire and family interaction appear to relate to improvement in hikikomori. Of course, the findings warrant further investigation because we did not examine the longitudinal, causal relations between these variables. In the future, we might also test the effect of family support interventions that target families’ behavioral repertoire and family interaction.

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  • Low stress tolerance and poor stress coping mechanisms in patients with hikikomori may be associated with the sum of such vulnerabilities.

    “low stress tolerance and poor stress coping mechanisms in patients with hikikomori may be associated with the sum of such vulnerabilities”

    From Preliminary study of the social withdrawal (hikikomori) spectrum in French adolescents: focusing on the differences in pathology and related factors compared with Japanese adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [68]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) describes physical and psychosocial difficulties among people with hikikomori, but does not address their stress tolerance or coping mechanisms. The Methods and Limitations sections (pages unavailable) discuss family coping and family members’ stress instead. Searches for stress tolerance, patient coping, and vulnerabilities found no passage supporting the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.73)

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  • Previous Japanese studies have reported an association of hikikomori with paternal absence, close contact with the mother, and lack of independence.

    “Previous Japanese studies have reported an association of hikikomori with paternal absence, close contact with the mother, and lack of independence”

    From Preliminary study of the social withdrawal (hikikomori) spectrum in French adolescents: focusing on the differences in pathology and related factors compared with Japanese adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [68]

    The Introduction discusses family relationships and reports that childrearing styles did not significantly differ between hikikomori and non-hikikomori groups, but it does not address the three specific associations claimed. Searches for paternal absence, maternal closeness, and lack of independence found no passage reporting those associations; the Methods instead describe measures of parents’ relationship to the child and adaptive behaviors. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Nonaka, S., Shimada, H., & Sakai, M.
Affiliations
  • Tokyo Future University (JP)
  • Waseda University (JP)
  • University of Miyazaki (JP)
Corresponding author
Nonaka, Shunsuke
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2020-01-16
Volume
10
Pages
977-977
ISSN
1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00977
PMC
PMC6976530
OpenAlex
W3000478872
Cited by
16
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3
FWCI
3.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
Keywords
hikikomori, family interaction, adaptive behavior, parental coping, family support, social participation (health and rehabilitation), family support interventions

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