CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 12Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesTreatment of Major DepressionElectroconvulsive Therapy Studies

The cognitive effects of adjunctive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for late-onset depression: a randomized controlled trial with 4 week follow-up

Open access
Pan, Wei-gang, Hu, Xiao-yue, Zhu, Dan-di, Li, Li, Bao, Feng, Ren, Li, Mao, Pei-xian, Ma, Xin +2 more·2023·Frontiers in Psychiatry
DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1240261PMC PMC10442575
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Objectives: Cognitive impairment is common and linked to poor outcomes in patients with late-onset depression (LOD). The cognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for LOD are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rTMS on cognitive function in elderly patients with LOD. Methods: In total, 58 elderly patients (aged 60 to 75 years) with depression were enrolled and randomly assigned to an active rTMS group or a sham group. The participants received active or sham rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 4 weeks, 5 days a week, at a frequency of 10 Hz rTMS and 120% of the motor threshold (MT). Cognitive function was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) at baseline, the end of the 4 week treatment period, and at the 4 week follow-up. Results: The active rTMS group showed significant improvements in immediate memory and attention scores on the RBANS compared to the sham group. However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in other cognitive domains assessed by the RBANS. No serious adverse events related to rTMS treatment were observed. Conclusion: Treatment with 120% MT rTMS was associated with improvement in cognitive defects related to the active phase of LOD. These findings suggest that rTMS could provide early improvements in cognitive function in clinical settings for elderly patients with LOD. Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=40698, identifier ChiCTR1900024445.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1240261

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 44

  1. [2]McCall WV Kintziger KW. Late life depression: a global problem with few resources. Psychiatr Clin North Am. (2013) 36: 475– 81. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2013.07.001, PMID: 24229651 PMC3830423 · DOI
  2. [3]Mukku SSR Dahale AB Muniswamy NR Muliyala KP Sivakumar PT Varghese M. Geriatric depression and cognitive impairment-an update. Indian J Psychol Med. (2021) 43: 286– 93. doi: 10.1177/0253717620981556, PMID: 34385720 PMC8327864 · DOI
  3. [4]Invernizzi S Simoes Loureiro I Kandana Arachchige KG Lefebvre L. Late-life depression, cognitive impairment, and relationship with Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. (2021) 50: 414– 24. doi: 10.1159/000519453, PMID: 34823241 · DOI
  4. [5]Alexopoulos GS. Mechanisms and treatment of late-life depression. Transl Psychiatry. (2019) 9: 188. doi: 10.1038/s41398-019-0514-6, PMID: 31383842 PMC6683149 · DOI · Paper page
  5. [6]Aziz R Steffens D. Overlay of late-life depression and cognitive impairment. Focus. (2017) 15: 35– 41. doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.20160036, PMID: 31975838 PMC6519628 · DOI
  6. [8]Pan W Liu C Zhu D Liu Y Mao P Ren Y. Prediction of antidepressant efficacy by cognitive function in first-episode late-life depression: a pilot study. Front Psych. (2022) 13: 916041. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.916041, PMID: 35669268 PMC9163406 · DOI
  7. [9]Groves SJ Douglas KM Porter RJ. A systematic review of cognitive predictors of treatment outcome in major depression. Front Psych. (2018) 9: 382. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00382, PMID: 30210368 PMC6121150 · DOI
  8. [10]Pimontel MA Rindskopf D Rutherford BR Brown PJ Roose SP Sneed JR. A meta-analysis of executive dysfunction and antidepressant treatment response in late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psych Off J Am Assoc Geriatr Psych. (2016) 24: 31– 41. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2015.05.010, PMID: 26282222 PMC4928373 · DOI · Paper page
  9. [11]Cristancho P Lenze EJ Dixon D Miller JP Mulsant BH Reynolds CF. Executive function predicts antidepressant treatment noncompletion in late-life depression. J Clin Psychiatry. (2018) 79: 79. doi: 10.4088/JCP.16m11371, PMID: 29659205 · DOI
  10. [12]Semkovska M Quinlivan L O’Grady T Johnson R Collins A O’Connor J. Cognitive function following a major depressive episode: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. (2019) 6: 851– 61. doi: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30291-3, PMID: 31422920 · DOI · Paper page
  11. [13]Blumberger DM. Can repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhance cognitive control in late-life depression? Am J Geriatr Psychiatr Off J Am Assoc Geriatr Psychiatr. (2018) 26: 347– 9. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.11.013 29305239 · DOI
  12. [16]Moraros J Nwankwo C Patten SB Mousseau DD. The association of antidepressant drug usage with cognitive impairment or dementia, including Alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. (2017) 34: 217– 26. doi: 10.1002/da.22584, PMID: 28029715 PMC5347943 · DOI
  13. [17]Morimoto SS Kanellopoulos D Manning KJ Alexopoulos GS. Diagnosis and treatment of depression and cognitive impairment in late life. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2015) 1345: 36– 46. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12669, PMID: 25655026 PMC4447532 · DOI
  14. [18]Sonmez AI Camsari DD Nandakumar AL Voort JLV Kung S Lewis CP. Accelerated TMS for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. (2019) 273: 770– 81. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.041, PMID: 31207865 PMC6582998 · DOI
  15. [19]Zhang M Mo J Zhang H Tang Y Guo K OuYang X. Efficacy and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for late-life depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. (2023) 323: 219– 31. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.027, PMID: 36410454 · DOI
  16. [20]Kaster TS Daskalakis ZJ Noda Y Knyahnytska Y Downar J Rajji TK. Efficacy, tolerability, and cognitive effects of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for late-life depression: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. (2018) 43: 2231– 8. doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0121-x, PMID: 29946106 PMC6135812 · DOI · Paper page
  17. [21]Gross M Nakamura L Pascual-Leone A Fregni F. Has repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for depression improved? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the recent vs. the earlier rTMS studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. (2007) 116: 165– 73. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01049.x, PMID: 17655557 · DOI
  18. [22]Sabesan P Lankappa S Khalifa N Krishnan V Gandhi R Palaniyappan L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for geriatric depression: promises and pitfalls. World J Psychiatr. (2015) 5: 170– 81. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i2.170, PMID: 26110119 PMC4473489 · DOI
  19. [23]Conelea CA Philip NS Yip AG Barnes JL Niedzwiecki MJ Greenberg BD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: naturalistic treatment outcomes for younger versus older patients. J Affect Disord. (2017) 217: 42– 7. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.063, PMID: 28388464 PMC5460629 · DOI
  20. [25]McKinley RA Bridges N Walters CM Nelson J. Modulating the brain at work using noninvasive transcranial stimulation. NeuroImage. (2012) 59: 129– 37. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.075, PMID: 21840408 · DOI
  21. [27]Martin DM McClintock SM Forster J Loo CK. Does therapeutic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation cause cognitive enhancing effects in patients with neuropsychiatric conditions? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Neuropsychol Rev. (2016) 26: 295– 309. doi: 10.1007/s11065-016-9325-1, PMID: 27632386 PMC5949868 · DOI · Paper page
  22. [28]Kim TD Hong G Kim J Yoon S. Cognitive enhancement in neurological and psychiatric disorders using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): a review of modalities, potential mechanisms and future implications. Exp Neurobiol. (2019) 28: 1– 16. doi: 10.5607/en.2019.28.1.1, PMID: 30853820 PMC6401552 · DOI · Paper page
  23. [29]Brunoni AR Chaimani A Moffa AH Razza LB Gattaz WF Daskalakis ZJ. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. (2017) 74: 143– 52. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3644, PMID: 28030740 · DOI · Paper page
  24. [30]Martin DM McClintock SM Forster JJ Lo TY Loo CK. Cognitive enhancing effects of rTMS administered to the prefrontal cortex in patients with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual task effects. Depress Anxiety. (2017) 34: 1029– 39. doi: 10.1002/da.22658, PMID: 28543994 · DOI · Paper page
  25. [31]Philip NS Barredo J Aiken E Carpenter LL. Neuroimaging mechanisms of therapeutic transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatr Cogn Neurosci Neuroimag. (2018) 3: 211– 22. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.10.007, PMID: 29486862 PMC5856477 · DOI
  26. [32]Lantrip C Gunning FM Flashman L Roth RM Holtzheimer PE. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the cognitive control of emotion: potential antidepressant mechanisms. J ECT. (2017) 33: 73– 80. doi: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000386 28072659 · DOI
  27. [33]King ES Tang AD. Intrinsic plasticity mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroscientist Rev J Neurobiol, Neurol Psychiatr. (2022) 5: 10738584221118262. doi: 10.1177/10738584221118262 PMC10928958 36059273 · DOI
  28. [35]Raij TT Komulainen E Aydogan DB Pamilo S Isometsä E Raij T. Depression core network-based individualized targeting for transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Stimul. (2023) 16: 619– 27. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.03.005, PMID: 36931462 PMC10404717 · DOI
  29. [36]Zhang M Chen B Zhong X Zhou H Wang Q Mai N. Neuropsychiatric symptoms exacerbate the cognitive impairments in patients with late-life depression. Front Psych. (2021) 12: 757003. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.757003, PMID: 34867543 PMC8639522 · DOI
  30. [37]Grzenda A Speier W Siddarth P Pant A Krause-Sorio B Narr K. Machine learning prediction of treatment outcome in late-life depression. Front Psych. (2021) 12: 738494. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.738494, PMID: 34744829 PMC8563624 · DOI
  31. [39]Asgharian Asl F Vaghef L. The effectiveness of high-frequency left DLPFC-rTMS on depression, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility in female subjects with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. (2022) 149: 287– 92. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.025, PMID: 35313201 · DOI · Paper page
  32. [40]Wang G Si TM Li L Fang Y Wang CX Wang LN. Cognitive symptoms in major depressive disorder: associations with clinical and functional outcomes in a 6-month, non-interventional, prospective study in China. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. (2019) 15: 1723– 36. doi: 10.2147/ndt.S195505, PMID: 31308667 PMC6612986 · DOI
  33. [42]Zuckerman H Pan Z Park C Brietzke E Musial N Shariq AS. Recognition and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder. Front Psych. (2018) 9: 655. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00655, PMID: 30564155 PMC6288549 · DOI
  34. [43]Kedzior KK Rajput V Price G Lee J Martin-Iverson M. Cognitive correlates of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treatment-resistant depression – a pilot study. BMC Psychiatry. (2012) 12: 163. doi: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-163, PMID: 23031294 PMC3515465 · DOI
  35. [44]Little JT Kimbrell TA Wassermann EM Grafman J Figueras S Dunn RT. Cognitive effects of 1- and 20-hertz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression: preliminary report. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. (2000) 13: 119– 24. PMID: 10780630
  36. [45]Vanderhasselt MA De Raedt R Baeken C Leyman L D'Haenen H. The influence of rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on stroop task performance. Exp Brain Res. (2006) 169: 279– 82. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-0344-z, PMID: 16418843 · DOI
  37. [46]Triggs WJ McCoy KJ Greer R Rossi F Bowers D Kortenkamp S. Effects of left frontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressed mood, cognition, and corticomotor threshold. Biol Psychiatry. (1999) 45: 1440– 6. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00031-1, PMID: 10356626 · DOI
  38. [47]Yıldız T Oğuzhanoğlu NK Topak OZ. Cognitive outcomes of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized controlled study. Turk J Med Sci. (2023) 53: 253– 63. doi: 10.55730/1300-0144.5580, PMID: 36945926 PMC10387879 · DOI · Paper page
  39. [48]Wajdik C Claypoole KH Fawaz W Holtzheimer PE Neumaier J Dunner DL. No change in neuropsychological functioning after receiving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for major depression. J ECT. (2014) 30: 320– 4. doi: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000096, PMID: 24625717 PMC4162863 · DOI
  40. [49]Ilieva IP Alexopoulos GS Dubin MJ Morimoto SS Victoria LW Gunning FM. Age-related repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation effects on executive function in depression: a systematic review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatr Off J Am Assoc Geriatr Psychiatr. (2018) 26: 334– 46. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.09.002, PMID: 29111132 · DOI · Paper page
  41. [50]Pallanti S Di Rollo A Antonini S Cauli G Hollander E Quercioli L. Low-frequency rTMS over right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the treatment of resistant depression: cognitive improvement is independent from clinical response, resting motor threshold is related to clinical response. Neuropsychobiology. (2012) 65: 227– 35. doi: 10.1159/000336999, PMID: 22653158 · DOI
  42. [51]Tateishi H Mizoguchi Y Monji A. Is the therapeutic mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive dysfunctions of depression related to the neuroinflammatory processes in depression? Front Psych. (2022) 13: 834425. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.834425, PMID: 35280153 PMC8907472 · DOI
  43. [52]Soundara Rajan T Ghilardi MFM Wang HY Mazzon E Bramanti P Restivo D. Mechanism of action for rTMS: a working hypothesis based on animal studies. Front Physiol. (2017) 8: 457. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00457, PMID: 28713286 PMC5491851 · DOI
  44. [53]Cirillo G Di Pino G Capone F Ranieri F Florio L Todisco V. Neurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul. (2017) 10: 1– 18. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.009, PMID: 27931886 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pan, W.-G., Hu, X.-Y., Zhu, D.-D., Li, L., Bao, F., Ren, L., Mao, P.-X., Ma, X., Ren, Y.-P., & Tang, Y.-L.
Affiliations
  • Capital Medical University (CN)
  • Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CN)
  • Emory University (US)
Corresponding author
Ma, Xin
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2023-08-08
Volume
14
Pages
1240261-1240261
ISSN
1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1240261
PMC
PMC10442575
OpenAlex
W4385662358
Cited by
12
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2
FWCI
1.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
Keywords
late-onset depression, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, adjunctive therapy, cognitive impairment, elderly patients, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, immediate memory, attention, RBANS

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review