CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 7Regulation of Appetite and ObesitySmoking Behavior and CessationAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

Association of serum leptin and ghrelin levels with smoking status on body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Open access
Shaheen, Nour, Shaheen, Ahmed, Diab, Rehab Adel, Saad, Abdelrahman M., Abdelwahab, Omar Ahmed, Soliman, Sama, Hefnawy, Mahmoud Tarek, Ramadan, Alaa +2 more·2023·Frontiers in Psychiatry
DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1296764PMC PMC10725976
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background and aims: Smoking cigarettes is a major global health problem that affects appetite and weight. The aim of this systematic review was to determine how smoking affected plasma leptin and ghrelin levels. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Ovid was conducted using a well-established methodology to gather all related publications. Results: A total of 40 studies were included in the analysis of 11,336 patients. The overall effect showed a with a mean difference (MD) of −1.92[95%CI; −2.63: −1.20] and p = 0.00001. Subgroup analysis by study design revealed significant differences as well, but with high heterogeneity within the subgroups (I2 of 82.3%). Subgroup by sex showed that there was a significant difference in mean difference between the smoking and non-smoking groups for males (MD = −5.75[95% CI; −8.73: −2.77], p = 0.0002) but not for females (MD = −3.04[95% CI; −6.6:0.54], p = 0.10). Healthy, pregnant, diabetic and CVD subgroups found significant differences in the healthy (MD = −1.74[95% CI; −03.13: −0.35], p = 0.01) and diabetic (MD = −7.69[95% CI, −1.64: −0.73], p = 0.03). subgroups, but not in the pregnant or cardiovascular disease subgroups. On the other hand, the meta-analysis found no statistically significant difference in Ghrelin serum concentration between smokers and non-smokers (MD = 0.52[95% CI, −0.60:1.63], p = 0.36) and observed heterogeneity in the studies (I2 = 68%). Conclusion: This study demonstrates a correlation between smoking and serum leptin/ghrelin levels, which explains smoking’s effect on body weight. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/ prospero/display_record.php, identifier (Record ID=326680).

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1296764

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Smoking raises leptin levels, while cessation lowers them, though reverse is also true in few other studies.

    “It has been shown in previous studies that smoking raises leptin levels, while cessation of smoking lower the levels, whereas, the reverse is also true in few other studies [13].”

    From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [13]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 94

  1. [1]Shimokata H Muller DC Andres R. Studies in the distribution of body fat: III. Effects of cigarette smoking. JAMA. (1989) 261: 1169. doi: 10.1001/jama.1989.03420080089037 2915440 · DOI
  2. [2]Peterson DI Lonergan LH Hardinge MG. Smoking and taste perception. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2013) 16: 219– 22. doi: 10.1080/00039896196810665047 5646445 · DOI
  3. [3]Liu T Chen WQ David SP Tyndale RF Wang H Chen YM. Interaction between heavy smoking and CYP2A6 genotypes on type 2 diabetes and its possible pathways. Eur J Endocrinol. (2011) 165: 961– 7. doi: 10.1530/EJE-11-0596, PMID: 21964962 PMC4112659 · DOI
  4. [5]Chiolero A Faeh D Paccaud F Cornuz J. Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance. Am J Clin Nutr. (2008) 87: 801– 9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.4.801, PMID: 18400700 · DOI · Paper page
  5. [6]Hariri M Ghiasvand R Shiranian A Askari G Iraj B Salehi-Abargouei A. Does omega-3 fatty acids supplementation affect circulating leptin levels? A systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled clinical trials. Clin Endocrinol. (2015) 82: 221– 8. doi: 10.1111/cen.12508, PMID: 24862919 · DOI
  6. [7]Kelesidis T Kelesidis I Chou S Mantzoros CS. Narrative review: the role of leptin in human physiology: emerging clinical applications. Ann Intern Med. (2010) 152: 93. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00008 20083828 PMC2829242 · DOI
  7. [8]Perkins KA Fonte C. Effects of smoking status and smoking cessation on leptin levels. Nicotine Tob Res. (2002) 4: 459– 66. doi: 10.1080/1462220021000018434, PMID: 12521405 · DOI
  8. [9]Eliasson B Smith U. Leptin levels in smokers and long-term users of nicotine gum. Eur J Clin Invest. (1999) 29: 145– 52. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00420.x, PMID: 10093001 · DOI
  9. [10]Miell JP Englaro P Blum WF. Dexamethasone induces an acute and sustained rise in circulating leptin levels in normal human subjects. Horm Metab Res. (1996) 28: 704– 7. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979882, PMID: 9013746 · DOI
  10. [11]Gonseth S Locatelli I Bize R Nusslé S Clair C Pralong F. Leptin and smoking cessation: secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial assessing physical activity as an aid for smoking cessation. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. (2014) 14: 1– 8. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-911, PMID: 25187423 PMC4165916 · DOI
  11. [12]Suhaimi MZ Sanip Z Mohamed HJJ Yusoff HM. Leptin and calorie intake among different nicotine dependent groups. Ann Saudi Med. (2016) 36: 404– 8. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2016.404 27920412 PMC6074209 · DOI
  12. [13]Kojima M Hosoda H Date Y Nakazato M Matsuo H Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. (1999) 402: 656– 60. doi: 10.1038/45230 10604470 · DOI · Paper page
  13. [14]Nakazato M Murakami N Date Y Kojima M Matsuo H Kangawa K. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature. (2001) 409: 194– 8. doi: 10.1038/35051587 11196643 · DOI · Paper page
  14. [15]Lee H Joe KH Kim W Park J Lee DH Sung KW. Increased leptin and decreased ghrelin level after smoking cessation. Neurosci Lett. (2006) 409: 47– 51. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.013, PMID: 17010518 · DOI
  15. [16]Bouros D Tzouvelekis A Anevlavis S Doris M Tryfon S Froudarakis M. Smoking acutely increases plasma ghrelin concentrations. Clin Chem. (2006) 52: 777– 8. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.065243, PMID: 16595837 · DOI
  16. [17]Reseland JE Mundal HH Hollung K Haugen F Zahid N Anderssen SA. Cigarette smoking may reduce plasma leptin concentration via catecholamines. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. (2005) 73: 43– 9. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.04.006, PMID: 15964536 · DOI
  17. [21]Tzeng IS. A practical approach in refining binary outcome for treatment effect of COVID-19 according to geographical diversity. Trop Med Infect Dis. (2023) 8: 83. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020083 36828499 PMC9964378 · DOI
  18. [22]von der Goltz C Koopmann A Dinter C Richter A Rockenbach C Grosshans M. Orexin and leptin are associated with nicotine craving: a link between smoking, appetite and reward. Psychoneuroendocrinology. (2010) 35: 570– 7. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.09.005, PMID: 19828259 · DOI
  19. [23]Wei M Stern MP Haffner SM. Serum leptin levels in Mexican Americans and non-hispanic whites: association with body mass index and cigarette smoking. Ann Epidemiol. (1997) 7: 81– 6. doi: 10.1016/S1047-2797(96)00114-7, PMID: 9099395 · DOI
  20. [24]Bokarewa MI Erlandsson MC Bjersing J Dehlin M Mannerkorpi K. Smoking is associated with reduced leptin and neuropeptide Y levels and higher pain experience in patients with fibromyalgia. Mediators Inflamm. (2014) 2014: 1– 8. doi: 10.1155/2014/627041, PMID: 25197167 PMC4150510 · DOI
  21. [25]Aşçibaşi K Deveci A Cengiz Özyurt B Oran Pirinçcioğlu A Taneli F. Relationships between nicotine craving, orexin-leptin levels and temperament character traits among non-treatment seeking health professionals. Psychiatr Clin Psychopharmacol. (2018) 28: 386– 93. doi: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1458433 · DOI
  22. [26]al Mutairi SS Mojiminiyi OA Shihab-Eldeen AA al Sharafi A Abdella N. Effect of smoking habit on circulating adipokines in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Ann Nutr Metab. (2008) 52: 329– 34. doi: 10.1159/000151487 18714151 · DOI
  23. [27]Yoshinari M Wakisaka M Fujishima M. Serum leptin levels in smokers with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. (1998) 21: 516– 7. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.4.516, PMID: 9571334 · DOI
  24. [28]Al-Daghri NM Al-Attas OS Hussain T Sabico S Bamakhramah A. Altered levels of adipocytokines in type 2 diabetic cigarette smokers. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. (2009) 83: e37– 9. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.013 19111930 · DOI
  25. [29]Targher G Zenari L Faccini G Falezza G Muggeo M Zoppini G. Serum leptin concentrations in young smokers with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. (2001) 24: 793– 4. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.4.793, PMID: 11315857 · DOI
  26. [30]Hilawe EH Yatsuya H Li Y Uemura M Wang C Chiang C. Smoking and diabetes: is the association mediated by adiponectin, leptin, or C-reactive protein? J Epidemiol. (2015) 25: 99– 109. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20140055 25400076 PMC4310870 · DOI
  27. [31]Kianoush S DeFilippis AP Rodriguez CJ al Rifai M Benjamin EJ Hall ME. Race/ethnicity-specific associations between smoking, serum leptin, and abdominal fat: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Ethn Dis. (2018) 28: 531– 8. doi: 10.18865/ed.28.4.531, PMID: 30405297 PMC6200307 · DOI
  28. [32]Gomes A S Toffolo MCF Keulen Castro e Silva FM Ferreira AP Luquetti SCPD, Influence of the leptin and cortisol levels on craving and smoking cessation. Psychiatr Res Neuroimaging (2015); 229: 126– 132, doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.060 26233831 · DOI
  29. [33]Ozkan B Ermis B Tastekin A Doneray H Yildirim A Ors R. Effect of smoking on neonatal and maternal serum and breast milk leptin levels. Endocr Res. (2005) 31: 177– 83. doi: 10.1080/07435800500371748, PMID: 16392620 · DOI
  30. [34]Lucas A Granada ML Olaizola I Castell C Julián MT Pellitero S. Leptin and thyrotropin relationship is modulated by smoking status in euthyroid subjects. Thyroid. (2013) 23: 964– 70. doi: 10.1089/thy.2012.0506 23528137 · DOI
  31. [35]Klein LC Corwin EJ Ceballos RM. Leptin, hunger, and body weight: influence of gender, tobacco smoking, and smoking abstinence. Addict Behav. (2004) 29: 921– 7. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.023, PMID: 15219336 · DOI
  32. [36]Bergmann S Siekmeier R. Influence of smoking and body weight on adipokines in middle aged women. Eur J Med Res. (2009) 14: 21– 6. doi: 10.1186/2047-783X-14-S4-21 20156719 PMC3521378 · DOI
  33. [37]Helland IB Reseland JE Saugstad OD Drevon CA. Smoking related to plasma leptin concentration in pregnant women and their newborn infants. Acta Paediatr. (2001) 90: 282– 7. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb00305.x, PMID: 11332168 · DOI
  34. [38]Nicklas BJ Tomoyasu N Muir J Goldberq AP. Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on body weight and plasma leptin levels. Metabolism. (1999) 48: 804– 8. doi: 10.1016/S0026-0495(99)90183-X, PMID: 10381158 · DOI
  35. [39]Ekmekci H Ekmekci OB Sonmez H Ozturk Z Domanic N Kokoglu E. Evaluation of fibronectin, vitronectin, and leptin levels in coronary artery disease: impacts on thrombosis and thrombolysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. (2005) 11: 63– 70. doi: 10.1177/107602960501100107, PMID: 15678274 · DOI
  36. [40]Koc B Bulucu F Karadurmus N Şahin M. Lower leptin levels in young non-obese male smokers than non-smokers. Ups J Med Sci. (2009) 114: 165– 9. doi: 10.1080/03009730902761631, PMID: 19736607 PMC2852772 · DOI
  37. [41]Coutant R de Casson FB Douay O Mathieu E Rouleau S Beringue F. Relationships between placental GH concentration and maternal smoking, newborn gender, and maternal leptin: possible implications for birth weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2001) 86: 4854– 9. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.10.7971, PMID: 11600553 · DOI
  38. [42]Mantzoros CS Cramer DW Liberman RF Barbieri RL. Predictive value of serum and follicular fluid leptin concentrations during assisted reproductive cycles in normal women and in women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Human Reproduc. (2000) 15: 539– 44. doi: 10.1093/humrep/15.3.539, PMID: 10686193 · DOI
  39. [43]Togo M Hashimoto Y Futamura A Tsukamoto K Satoh H Hara M. Relationship between the serum level of leptin and life-style habits in Japanese men. Horm Res. (2000) 54: 169– 73. doi: 10.1159/000053254, PMID: 11416233 · DOI
  40. [44]Larsson H Ahrén B. Smoking habits and circulating leptin in postmenopausal non-obese women. Diabetes Obes Metab. (1999) 1: 57– 9. doi: 10.1046/j.1463-1326.1999.00001.x, PMID: 11221814 · DOI
  41. [45]Pérez-Bautista O Montaño M Pérez-Padilla R Zúñiga-Ramos J Camacho-Priego M Barrientos-Gutiérrez T. Women with COPD by biomass show different serum profile of adipokines, incretins, and peptide hormones than smokers. Respir Res. (2018) 19: 239. doi: 10.1186/s12931-018-0943-4, PMID: 30514305 PMC6280373 · DOI
  42. [46]Stadler M Tomann L Storka A Wolzt M Peric S Bieglmayer C. Effects of smoking cessation on β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, body weight, and appetite. Eur J Endocrinol. (2014) 170: 219– 27. doi: 10.1530/EJE-13-0590, PMID: 24179100 · DOI
  43. [47]Bouhours-Nouet N de Casson FB Rouleau S Douay O Mathieu E Bouderlique C. Maternal and cord blood ghrelin in the pregnancies of smoking mothers: possible markers of nutrient availability for the fetus. Horm Res Paediatr. (2006) 66: 6– 12. doi: 10.1159/000092807, PMID: 16636575 · DOI
  44. [48]Kim KW Won YL Ko KS Roh JW. Smoking habits and neuropeptides: adiponectin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and leptin levels. J Toxicol Public Health. (2014) 30: 91– 7. doi: 10.5487/TR.2014.30.2.091, PMID: 25071918 PMC4112070 · DOI
  45. [49]Kaabi YA Khalifa MA. Acute one-cigarette smoking decreases ghrelin hormone in saliva: a pilot study. Int J Endocrinol. (2014) 2014: 1– 4. doi: 10.1155/2014/575671 PMC3997941 24808912 · DOI
  46. [50]Kryfti M Dimakou K Toumbis M Daniil Z Hatzoglou C Gourgoulianis KI. Effects of smoking cessation on serum leptin and adiponectin levels. Tob Induc Dis. (2015) 13: 7. doi: 10.1186/s12971-015-0054-7 26869871 PMC4750367 · DOI
  47. [51]Machado RCBR Vargas HO Zazula R Urbano MR Verri WA Rossaneis AC. Implications for comorbidities, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and inflammation in current smokers. J Affect Disord Rep. (2021) 6: 100249. doi: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100249 · DOI
  48. [52]Rao SS Preethika A Yeldho DM Kumar YS Shenoy RD. Maternal occupational tobacco exposure and newborn umbilical cord serum leptin concentration. Indian Pediatr. (2020) 57: 918– 21. doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1995-3, PMID: 33089807 · DOI
  49. [53]Bai XJ Fan LH He Y Ren J Xu W Liang Q. Nicotine may affect the secretion of adipokines leptin, resistin, and visfatin through activation of KATP channel. Nutrition. (2016) 32: 645– 8. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.12.001, PMID: 26837599 · DOI
  50. [54]Mutschler J Graf N Spanaus KS Rössler W Hergan K Binkert CA. Circulating ghrelin levels are not associated with craving and withdrawal symptoms in acute nicotine withdrawal. Psychiatr Danub. (2012) 24: 229– 30. PMID: 22706426
  51. [55]Hussain T Al-Daghri NM Al-Attas OS Draz HM Abd Al-Rahman SH. Plasma neuropeptide Y levels relate cigarette smoking and smoking cessation to body weight regulation. Regul Pept. (2012) 176: 22– 7. doi: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.02.005, PMID: 22387704 · DOI
  52. [56]Nagayasu S Suzuki S Yamashita A Taniguchi A Fukushima M Nakai Y. Smoking and adipose tissue inflammation suppress leptin expression in Japanese obese males: potential mechanism of resistance to weight loss among Japanese obese smokers. Tob Induc Dis. (2012) 10: 3. doi: 10.1186/1617-9625-10-3, PMID: 22373492 PMC3364847 · DOI
  53. [57]al’Absi M Hooker S Fujiwara K Kiefer F von der Goltz C Cragin T. Circulating leptin levels are associated with increased craving to smoke in abstinent smokers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (2011) 97: 509– 13. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.10.004, PMID: 20951159 PMC5763505 · DOI
  54. [58]Martin LJ Cole SA Hixson JE Mahaney MC Czerwinski SA Almasy L. Genotype by smoking interaction for leptin levels in the San Antonio family heart study. Genet Epidemiol. (2002) 22: 105– 15. doi: 10.1002/gepi.0135, PMID: 11788957 · DOI
  55. [59]Cobanoglu N Dalkan C Galip N Tekguc H Uncu M Bahceciler NN. Is calprotectin a marker of tobacco smoke related inflammation?: a pilot study in children. Inhal Toxicol. (2012) 24: 486– 91. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2012.693137, PMID: 22746398 · DOI
  56. [60]Aukan MI Coutinho S Pedersen SA Simpson MR Martins C. Differences in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings between individuals with and without obesity-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. (2023) 24: 13531. doi: 10.1111/obr.13531 PMC10078575 36416279 · DOI
  57. [63]Ng M Fleming T Robinson M Thomson B Graetz N Margono C. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. (2014) 384: 766– 81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8, PMID: 24880830 PMC4624264 · DOI · Paper page
  58. [64]Spiegelman BM Flier JS. Obesity and the regulation of energy balance. Cell. (2001) 104: 531– 43. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00240-9 11239410 · DOI · Paper page
  59. [65]Weinsier RL Hunter GR Heini AF Goran MI Sell SM. The etiology of obesity: relative contribution of metabolic factors, diet, and physical activity. Am J Med. (1998) 105: 145– 50. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00190-9 9727822 · DOI
  60. [66]Neary NM Goldstone AP Bloom SR. Appetite regulation: from the gut to the hypothalamus. Clin Endocrinol. (2004) 60: 153– 60. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01839.x 14725674 · DOI
  61. [67]Suzuki K Simpson KA Minnion JS Shillito JC Bloom SR. The role of gut hormones and the hypothalamus in appetite regulation. Endocr J. (2010) 57: 359– 72. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.K10E-077 20424341 · DOI
  62. [68]Owyang C Heldsinger A. Vagal control of satiety and hormonal regulation of appetite. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. (2011) 17: 338– 48. doi: 10.5056/jnm.2011.17.4.338, PMID: 22148102 PMC3228973 · DOI · Paper page
  63. [69]Timper K Brüning JC. Hypothalamic circuits regulating appetite and energy homeostasis: pathways to obesity. Dis Model Mech. (2017) 10: 679– 89. doi: 10.1242/dmm.026609 28592656 PMC5483000 · DOI
  64. [70]Niswender KD Schwartz MW. Insulin and leptin revisited: adiposity signals with overlapping physiological and intracellular signaling capabilities. Front Neuroendocrinol. (2003) 24: 1– 10. doi: 10.1016/S0091-3022(02)00105-X, PMID: 12609497 · DOI
  65. [71]Quan W Kim HK Moon EY Kim SS Choi CS Komatsu M. Role of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neuron autophagy in the control of appetite and leptin response. Endocrinology. (2012) 153: 1817– 26. doi: 10.1210/en.2011-1882, PMID: 22334718 · DOI
  66. [72]Wren AM Seal LJ Cohen MA Brynes AE Frost GS Murphy KG. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2001) 86: 5992– 2. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.12.8111 11739476 · DOI · Paper page
  67. [73]Kim MS. The neural basis of weight control and obesity. Exp Mol Med. (2022) 54: 347– 8. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00759-3, PMID: 35474337 PMC9076921 · DOI
  68. [74]Obert R Onsidine VC Inha AKS Ark M Eiman LH Tephens HWS. Serum Immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in Normal-weight and obese humans. NEJM. (1996) 334: 292– 5. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199602013340503, PMID: 8532024 · DOI · Paper page
  69. [75]al Maskari MY Alnaqdy AA. Correlation between serum leptin levels, body mass index and obesity in Omanis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. (2006) 6: 27. PMC3074914 21748132
  70. [76]Ostadrahimi A Moradi T Zarghami N Shoja MM. Correlates of serum leptin and insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in normal weight and overweight/obese Iranian women. J Women’s Health. (2008) 17: 1389– 97. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0736, PMID: 18771389 · DOI
  71. [77]Haqq AM Sadaf Farooqi I O’Rahilly S Stadler DD Rosenfeld RG Pratt KL. Serum ghrelin levels are inversely correlated with body mass index, age, and insulin concentrations in normal children and are markedly increased in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2003) 88: 174– 8. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-021052, PMID: 12519848 · DOI
  72. [78]Wang Y Wu Q Zhou Q Chen Y Lei X Chen Y. Circulating acyl and des-acyl ghrelin levels in obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. (2022) 12: 1– 17. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06636-3 35177705 PMC8854418 · DOI
  73. [79]Marzullo P Verti B Savia G Walker GE Guzzaloni G Tagliaferri M. The relationship between active ghrelin levels and human obesity involves alterations in resting energy expenditure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2004) 89: 936– 9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031328, PMID: 14764817 · DOI
  74. [80]Ardeshiripur M Rhein M Frieling H Bleich S Hillemacher T Muschler M. Desacylghrelin but not acylghrelin is reduced during smoking cessation. J Neurl Transm Parkinson’s Dis Dement. (2018) 125: 1885– 9. doi: 10.1007/s00702-018-1930-0 30251224 · DOI
  75. [81]Lv J Chen W Sun D Li S Millwood IY Smith M. Gender-specific association between tobacco smoking and central obesity among 0.5 million Chinese people: the China Kadoorie biobank study. PLoS One. (2015) 10: 124586. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124586 PMC4405570 25897789 · DOI
  76. [82]Winsløw UC Rode L Nordestgaard BG. High tobacco consumption lowers body weight: a Mendelian randomization study of the Copenhagen general population study. Int J Epidemiol. (2015) 44: 540– 50. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu276, PMID: 25777141 · DOI
  77. [83]Sun M Jiang Y Sun C Li J Guo X Lv Y. The associations between smoking and obesity in Northeast China: a quantile regression analysis. Sci Rep. (2019) 9: 1– 6. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39425-6 30872597 PMC6418137 · DOI
  78. [85]Miyata G Meguid MM Varma M Fetissov SO Kim HJ. Nicotine alters the usual reciprocity between meal size and meal number in female rat. Physiol Behav. (2001) 74: 169– 76. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00540-6, PMID: 11564465 · DOI
  79. [86]Bloom EL Farris SG DiBello AM Abrantes AM. Smoking-related weight and appetite concerns and use of electronic cigarettes among daily cigarette smokers. Psychol Health Med. (2019) 24: 221– 8. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2018.1537495 30346797 PMC6368221 · DOI
  80. [87]Chao AM Wadden TA Ashare RL Loughead J Schmidt HD. Tobacco smoking, eating behaviors, and body weight: a review. Curr Addict Rep. (2019) 6: 191– 9. doi: 10.1007/s40429-019-00253-3 33224710 PMC7678013 · DOI
  81. [89]Faulkner G Cohn T Remington G Irving H. Body mass index, waist circumference and quality of life in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. (2007) 90: 174. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.10.009 17140768 · DOI
  82. [90]Morris RW Taylor AE Fluharty ME Bjørngaard JH Åsvold BO Gabrielsen ME. Heavier smoking may lead to a relative increase in waist circumference: evidence for a causal relationship from a Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis. CARTA Consortium BMJ Open. (2015) 5: e008808. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008808 PMC4538266 26264275 · DOI
  83. [91]Slagter SN Vliet-Ostaptchouk JVV Vonk JM Boezen HM Dullaart RPF Kobold ACM. Associations between smoking, components of metabolic syndrome and lipoprotein particle size. BMC Med. (2013) 11: 195. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-195, PMID: 24228807 PMC3766075 · DOI
  84. [92]Monti V Carlson JJ Hunt SC Adams TD. A relationship of ghrelin and leptin hormones with body mass index and waist circumference in a random sample of adults. J Am Diet Assoc. (2006) 106: 822– 8. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.03.015, PMID: 16720123 · DOI
  85. [93]Zoccali C Postorino M Marino C Pizzini P Cutrupi S Tripepi G. Waist circumference modifies the relationship between the adipose tissue cytokines leptin and adiponectin and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in haemodialysis patients. J Intern Med. (2011) 269: 172– 81. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02288.x, PMID: 21138492 · DOI
  86. [94]Chang E Varghese M Singer K. Gender and sex differences in adipose tissue. Curr Diab Rep. (2018) 18: 3. doi: 10.1007/s11892-018-1031-3 30058013 PMC6525964 · DOI
  87. [95]Chaney SE Sheriff SW Merritt L. Gender differences in smoking behavior and cessation. Clin Nurs Stud. (2015) 3: 17. doi: 10.5430/cns.v3n3p17 · DOI
  88. [96]Allen AM Scheuermann TS Nollen N Hatsukami D Ahluwalia JS. Gender differences in smoking behavior and dependence motives among daily and nondaily smokers. Nicotine Tobacco Res. (2016) 18: 1408– 13. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv138, PMID: 26136526 PMC4906260 · DOI
  89. [97]Chinwong D Mookmanee N Chongpornchai J Chinwong S. A comparison of gender differences in smoking behaviors, intention to quit, and nicotine dependence among Thai university students. J Addict. (2018) 2018: 1– 8. doi: 10.1155/2018/8081670 PMC6220393 30473903 · DOI
  90. [98]Kim C Golden SH Mather KJ Laughlin GA Kong S Nan B. Racial/ethnic differences in sex hormone levels among postmenopausal women in the diabetes prevention program. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2012) 97: 4051– 60. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-2117 22879633 PMC3485611 · DOI
  91. [99]Windham GC Mitchell P Anderson M Lasley BL. Cigarette smoking and effects on hormone function in premenopausal women. Environ Health Perspect. (2005) 113: 1285– 90. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7899 16203235 PMC1281267 · DOI
  92. [100]Kokkinos A Tentolouris N Kyriakaki E Argyrakopoulou G Doupis J Psallas M. Differentiation in the short- and long-term effects of smoking on plasma total ghrelin concentrations between male nonsmokers and habitual smokers. Metabolism. (2007) 56: 523– 7. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.11.012, PMID: 17379011 · DOI
  93. [101]Fagerberg B Hultén LM Hulthe J. Plasma ghrelin, body fat, insulin resistance, and smoking in clinically healthy men: the atherosclerosis and insulin resistance study. Metabolism. (2003) 52: 1460– 3. doi: 10.1016/S0026-0495(03)00274-9, PMID: 14624407 · DOI
  94. [102]Koopmann A Bez J Lemenager T Hermann D Dinter C Reinhard I. Effects of cigarette smoking on plasma concentration of the appetite-regulating peptide ghrelin. Ann Nutr Metab. (2015) 66: 155. doi: 10.1159/000381834 25896493 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

  • Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review

    Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, M. A. D. C. A. H., Prabhakar, M., Bottu, K., Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, M. A. D. C. A. H., Chaly, P. E., Department of Public Health Dentistry, M. A. D. C. A. H., S.G, R. K., Department of Public Health Dentistry, T. G. D. C. A. H., M, A., & Department of Psychiatry, M. M. C. H. A. R. I. (2026) · Bioinformation · doi:10.6026/973206300220132

Authors
Shaheen, N., Shaheen, A., Diab, R. A., Saad, A. M., Abdelwahab, O. A., Soliman, S., Hefnawy, M. T., Ramadan, A., Meshref, M., & Nashwan, A. J.
Affiliations
  • Alexandria University (EG)
  • Al-Azhar University (EG)
  • First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg (RU)
  • Zagazig University (EG)
  • South Valley University (EG)
  • Hamad Medical Corporation (QA)
Corresponding author
Nashwan, Abdulqadir J.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2023-12-04
Volume
14
Pages
1296764-1296764
ISSN
1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1296764
PMC
PMC10725976
OpenAlex
W4389326699
Cited by
7
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2
FWCI
0.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Qatar National Library
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords
smoking, leptin, ghrelin, body weight, appetite, serum hormone levels, sex differences, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, cardiovascular disease

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review