Developmental and Reproductive Toxic Effects of Exposure to Microplastics: A Review of Associated Signaling Pathways
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Microplastics (MPs), small pieces of plastic (∼5 mm), are released into the environment not only as a result of the decomposition of large-sized plastics but also from day-to-day use of plastic products. Chronic exposure to MPs has been attributed to harmful effects on aquatic organisms and rodents. Effects include gastrointestinal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicities. Exposure to MPs may also potentially affect human health. Herein, we reviewed the impact of MPs on male and female reproductive systems and the associated mechanisms involved in the reproductive and developmental toxicities of MPs. We performed a literature search in Google Scholar and PubMed using the following keywords: MPs and reproductive toxicity; MPs and developmental studies; MPs and infertility; MPs and aquatics; and MPs and rodents. Evidence of MPs accumulation has been reported in many organs of humans and experimental models. The harmful effects of MPs have been manifested in male and female reproductive systems of mammalian and aquatic animals, including developmental effects on gametes, embryos, and their offspring. This review describes various signaling pathways involved in MPs-associated male and female reproductive and developmental toxicities.
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MPs can induce toxic effects on organisms, affecting normal functioning, and may cause organ-specific toxicities such as neuronal, digestive, reproductive, and developmental toxicity.
“MPs can induce toxic effects on organisms, affecting normal functioning, and may cause several organ-specific toxicities, such as neuronal, digestive, reproductive, and developmental toxicity [17,18,19,20,21,22,23].”
From Is Wild Marine Biota Affected by Microplastics? (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
The sections on reproductive toxicity and MPs-induced developmental toxicity report impaired reproductive function and growth in animal models. The Conclusion also describes toxic effects of MPs, while cautioning that their implications for humans remain debatable. Our copy does not substantively discuss neuronal or digestive toxicity; those topics appear in cited works’ titles in the References, not as findings developed by this review. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Dubey, I., Khan, S., & Kushwaha, S.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (IN)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kushwaha, Sapana
- Venue
- Frontiers in Toxicology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-08-31
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 901798-901798
- ISSN
- 2673-3080 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9471315
- OpenAlex
- W4293767673
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Toxicology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastics, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, signaling pathways, male reproductive toxicity, female reproductive toxicity, infertility, aquatic organisms, rodents, plastic exposure, human health
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