Animal Welfare in Conservation Breeding: Applications and Challenges
Open accessAbstract
Animal welfare and conservation breeding have overlapping and compatible goals that are occasionally divergent. Efforts to improve enclosures, provide enriching experiences, and address behavioral and physical needs further the causes of animal welfare in all zoo settings. However, by mitigating stress, increasing behavioral competence, and enhancing reproduction, health, and survival, conservation breeding programs must also focus on preparing animals for release into the wild. Therefore, conservation breeding facilities must strike a balance of promoting high welfare, while minimizing the effects of captivity to increase population sustainability. As part of the Hawaii Endangered Bird Conservation Program, San Diego Zoo Global operates two captive breeding facilities that house a number of endangered Hawaiian bird species. At our facilities we aim to increase captive animal welfare through husbandry, nutrition, behavior-based enrichment, and integrated veterinary practices. These efforts help foster a captive environment that promotes the development of species-typical behaviors. By using the "Opportunities to Thrive" guiding principles, we outline an outcome-based welfare strategy, and detail some of the related management inputs, such as transitioning to parental rearing, and conducting veterinary exams remotely. Throughout we highlight our evidence-based approach for evaluating our practices, by monitoring welfare and the effectiveness of our inputs. Additionally we focus on some of the unique challenges associated with improving welfare in conservation breeding facilitates and outline concrete future steps for improving and evaluating welfare outcomes that also meet conservation goals.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Birds provided with various supportive infrastructures ranging in location and difficulty as nest sites had multiple choices for where and how to nest.
“In this study, birds were provided with various supportive infrastructures ranging in location and difficulty as nest sites, providing the animals with multiple choices for where and how they wanted to nest.”
From The Concept of Agency, Animal Wellbeing, and the Practical Realities of Ex Situ Breeding Programs in Zoos and Aquariums (2024) · cites this paper as [63]
Greggor et al. provided multiple choices of nesting sites for birds in a Hawaiian bird conservation breeding program at San Diego Zoo.
“For example, Greggor et al. provided multiple choices of nesting sites for birds that were part of a Hawaiian bird conservation breeding program at San Diego Zoo [63].”
From The Concept of Agency, Animal Wellbeing, and the Practical Realities of Ex Situ Breeding Programs in Zoos and Aquariums (2024) · cites this paper as [63]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare
Boissy, A., Manteuffel, G., Jensen, M. B., Moe, R. O., Spruijt, B., Keeling, L. J., Winckler, C., Forkman, B., Dimitrov, I., Langbein, J., et al. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.003 · Cited by 1,486 · see citing works
The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for animal welfare.
Moberg, G. P. (2000) · CABI Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1079/9780851993591.0000 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
Born to choose: the origins and value of the need for control
Leotti, L. A., Iyengar, S. S., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.08.001 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
The notion of ethological ‘need’, models of motivation and animal welfare
Hughes, B. O., & Duncan, I. J. H. (1988) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(88)80110-6 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
An Emerging Role of Zoos to Conserve Biodiversity
Conde, D. A., Flesness, N., Colchero, F., Jones, O. R., & Scheuerlein, A. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1200674 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Frustrations of fur-farmed mink
Mason, G. J., Cooper, J. J., & Clarebrough, C. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35065157 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Implications of breaking mother-young social bonds
Newberry, R. C., & Swanson, J. C. (2008) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.03.021 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Swaisgood, R. R. (2007) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.027 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationBlums, P., Nichols, J. D., Hines, J. E., Lindberg, M. S., & Mednis, A. (2005) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-004-1794-x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Issues of choice and control in the behaviour of a pair of captive polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
Ross, S. R. (2006) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2006.04.003 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
To hunt or not to hunt? A feeding enrichment experiment with captive large felids
Bashaw, M. J., Bloomsmith, M. A., Marr, M., & Maple, T. L. (2003) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10065 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Wielebnowski, N. C., Ziegler, K., Wildt, D. E., Lukas, J., & Brown, J. L. (2002) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1017/s1367943002004043 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
A quantitative assessment of the efficacy of an environmental enrichment programme for giant pandas
Swaisgood, R. R., White, A. M., Zhou, X., Zhang, H., Zhang, G., Wei, R., Hare, V. J., Tepper, E. M., & Lindburg, D. G. (2001) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1610 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationFree mate choice enhances conservation breeding in the endangered giant panda
Martin-Wintle, M. S., Shepherdson, D., Zhang, G., Zhang, H., Li, D., Zhou, X., Li, R., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10125 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Science of Animal Behavior and Welfare: Challenges, Opportunities, and Global Perspective
Marchant, J. N. (2015) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2015.00016 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Enclosure choice and well-being in giant pandas: is it all about control?
Owen, M. A., Swaisgood, R. R., Czekala, N. M., & Lindburg, D. G. (2005) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20064 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationSwaisgood, R. R., & Shepherdson, D. J. (2006) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9780851990040.0256 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, L. J., Pisacane, C., & Vicino, G. A. (2016) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.25.3.325 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationApplied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition
(2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118785669 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Dominance, pair bonds and boldness determine social-foraging tactics in rooks, Corvus frugilegus
Jolles, J. W., Ostojić, L., & Clayton, N. S. (2013) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.03.013 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Manipulating animal behavior to ensure reintroduction success
Shier, D. M. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139627078.014 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
HEPATIC IRON ACCUMULATION OVER TIME IN EUROPEAN STARLINGS (STURNUS VULGARIS) FED TWO LEVELS OF IRON
Crissey, S. D., Ward, A. M., Block, S. E., & Maslanka, M. (2000) · Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine · doi:10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0491:hiaoti]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nutritional Management of Body Weight
Michel, K. E. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118785669.ch9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Advancing avian nutrition through best feeding practice
Fidgett, A., & Gardner, L. (2014) · International Zoo Yearbook · doi:10.1111/izy.12057 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationHarvey, N. C., Farabaugh, S. M., & Druker, B. B. (2002) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10024 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationTelemedicine: The Future of Veterinary Practice
Hess, L. (2017) · Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1647/1082-6742-31.2.165 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [13]Fidgett AL Plowman A Whitehouse-Tedd K Chapter 12: Nutrition and diet evaluations In: Bishop J, Hosey G, Plowman A, editors. BIAZA Handbook of Zoo and Aquarium Research Guidelines. London: British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquaria (2013). p. 154– 75.
- [17]Frayne RD Examining the Comparative Foraging Proficiency of Captive-Bred and Wild Palila (Loxioides bailleui): An Endangered Hawaiian Honeycreeper. Master's Thesis, University of Hawaii, Hilo (2007).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
de Azevedo, C. S., Cipreste, C. F., Pizzutto, C. S., & Young, R. J. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13081277 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Expanding the role of the future zoo: Wellbeing should become the fifth aim for modern zoos
Rose, P. E., & Riley, L. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1018722 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Welfare assessment tools in zoos: from theory to practice
Jones, N., Sherwen, S. L., Robbins, R., McLelland, D. J., & Whittaker, A. L. (2022) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci9040170 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Allard, S. M., Fuller, G. A., Torgerson-White, L. L., Starking, M. D., & Yoder-Nowak, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02324 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Identification of Animal-Based Welfare Indicators in Captive Reptiles: A Delphi Consultation Survey
Whittaker, A. L., Golder-Dewar, B., Triggs, J. L., Sherwen, S. L., & McLelland, D. J. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11072010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Current wildlife crime (Indian scenario): major challenges and prevention approaches
Rana, A. K., & Kumar, N. (2023) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-023-02577-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Greggor, A. L., Masuda, B. M., Flanagan, A. M., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2019) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.12.002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing zoo welfare assessments to identify common issues in developing country zoos
Ward, S. J., Williams, E., Groves, G., Marsh, S., & Morgan, D. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10112101 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Buffington, C. A. T., & Bain, M. J. (2020) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.03.001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bird Welfare in Zoos and Aquariums: General Insights across Industries
Woods, J. M., Eyer, A., & Miller, L. J. (2022) · Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens · doi:10.3390/jzbg3020017 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Ethical Matrix as a Tool for Decision-Making Process in Conservation
Biasetti, P., & de Mori, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.584636 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Psychological and Behavioural Principles and Problems
Warwick, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86012-7_8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
An evaluation of the role of “biological evidence” in zoo and aquarium enrichment practices
Brereton, J., & Rose, P. (2022) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.31.1.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Vicino, G. A., Sheftel, J., & Radosevich, L. M. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12101293 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationKaplan, G. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12010031 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rose, P. E., & Lewton, J. (2024) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2024.2440891 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Undirected singing rate as a non-invasive tool for welfare monitoring in isolated male zebra finches
Yamahachi, H., Zai, A. T., Tachibana, R. O., Stepien, A. E., Rodrigues, D. I., Cavé-Lopez, S., Lorenz, C., Arneodo, E. M., Giret, N., & Hahnloser, R. H. R. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236333 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
O’Brien, S. L., & Cronin, K. A. (2023) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105965 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The ethical assessment of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) in wildlife conservation
de Mori, B., Mercugliano, E., Biasetti, P., Pollastri, I., Spiriti, M. M., Florio, D., Andreucci, F., Göritz, F., Holtze, S., Galli, C., et al. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110423 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flanagan, A. M., Rutz, C., Farabaugh, S. M., Greggor, A. L., Masuda, B. M., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108429 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationde Mori, B., Spiriti, M. M., Pollastri, I., Normando, S., Biasetti, P., Florio, D., Andreucci, F., Colleoni, S., Galli, C., Göritz, F., et al. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11020312 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Regulating pets using an objective positive list approach
Warwick, C., & Steedman, C. (2021) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2021.01.008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Goldenberg, S. Z., Parker, J., Chege, S. M., Greggor, A. L., Hunt, M., Lamberski, N., Leigh, K. A., Nollens, H. H., Ruppert, K. A., Thouless, C. R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2022.910358 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationMoloney, D., Collins, C. K., Holloway, P., & O’Riordan, R. M. (2023) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110345 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Martelli, P. R., & Krishnasamy, K. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13142299 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Smetzer, J., Greggor, A. L., Paxton, K. L., Masuda, B. M., & Paxton, E. H. (2021) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01522 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationNaturalistic Versus Unnaturalistic Environments
Warwick, C., & Steedman, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86012-7_15 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
How do we plan for the zoo exhibit of the future?
Fernandez, E. J., Brereton, J. E., & Coe, J. C. (2023) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2023.106085 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sullivan, P. A., Mijares, S. H., Davis, M. K., Oselinsky, K. M., Cramer, C., Roman-Muniz, I. N., Stallones, L. F., & Edwards-Callaway, L. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12172294 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Uma visão integrada das biotecnologias reprodutivas com o conceito de One Conservation
Pizzutto, C. S., de Araújo, G. R., Júnior, A. C. C., Jorge‐Neto, P. N., Luczinski, T. C., & de Deco‐Souza, T. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal · doi:10.21451/1809-3000.rbra2021.031 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Application of decision tools to ethical analysis in biodiversity conservation
Biasetti, P., Hildebrandt, T. B., Göritz, F., Hermes, R. E., Holtze, S., Stejskal, J., Galli, C., Pollastri, I., Muzzo, A., Lekolool, I., et al. (2022) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14029 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Appleby, D., Tripovich, J. S., Langmore, N. E., Heinsohn, R., Pitcher, B. J., & Crates, R. (2023) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110171 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Exotic pet trading and keeping: Proposing a model government consultation and advisory protocol
Warwick, C., & Steedman, C. (2021) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2021.03.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Thinking with Civets: The Role of Zoos in the Decolonisation of Animal Tourism
Hooper, J. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13111739 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Honey Bee Breeding and Breed: Advancements, Challenges, and Prospects
Lin, Z., Yang, L., Wang, Z., Wang, K., Niu, Q., & Ji, T. (2025) · Animal Research and One Health · doi:10.1002/aro2.70003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Miglioli, A., & Vasconcellos, A. D. S. (2021) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105386 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sabol, A. C., Greggor, A. L., Masuda, B. M., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2022) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-022-03130-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationGallerani, E. M., Burgett, J., Vaughn, N. R., Fortini, L. B., Fricker, G. A., Mounce, H. L., Gillespie, T. W., Crampton, L. H., Knapp, D., Hite, J. M., et al. (2023) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2889 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flanagan, A. M., Masuda, B. M., Komarczyk, L., Kuhar, A., Farabaugh, S. M., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2023) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21794 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationCarreira, J. T., Lesobre, L., Boullenger, S., Chalah, T., Lacroix, F., & Hingrat, Y. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12070851 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ghimire, R., Brown, J. L., Thitaram, C., & Bansiddhi, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1370909 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Finch, K., Waterman, J. O., Cowl, V. B., Marshall, A., Underwood, L., Williams, L. J., Davis, N., & Holmes, L. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12162123 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Effects of Light on Vertebrate Welfare: A Review
de Azevedo, C. S., Goulart, V. D. L. R., Pizzutto, C. S., Cipreste, C. F., Teixeira, C. P., & Young, R. J. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15223329 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reasons for unfulfilled breeding and transfer recommendations in zoos and aquariums
Gray, S. M., Faust, L. J., Kuykendall, N. A., Bladow, R. A., Schad Eebes, K., & Che‐Castaldo, J. P. (2022) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21664 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Norman, M., & Brando, S. (2024) · Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens · doi:10.3390/jzbg5040038 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For example, Greggor et al. provided multiple choices of nesting sites for birds that were part of a Hawaiian bird conservation breeding program at San Diego Zoo [63].”
Bandoli, F., Mace, J., & Knight, A. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13132228 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Miao, Z., Wang, Q., Lu, X., Chen, D., Zhang, W., Zhou, X., & MacMillan, D. C. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11092521 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An Exploration of the Value of Elective Health Checks in UK Zoo-Housed Gibbons
Kershaw, T. E., Hall, E. J., Dobbs, P., Liptovszky, M., & Strong, V. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10122307 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Greggor, A. L., Masuda, B. M., Sabol, A. C., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2022) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-022-03273-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationEnglish, H. M., Harvey, L., Wilson, R. P., Gunner, R., Holton, M. D., Woodroffe, R., & Börger, L. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-562677/v1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An enclosure quality ranking framework for terrestrial animals in captivity
Flanagan, A. M., Masuda, B. M., Grabar, K., Barrett, L. P., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2024) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106378 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationFigel, T., Coyne, S. P., & Martin, K. H. (2021) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2021.1984916 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Barbosa-Moyano, H., Sobral, G., & de Oliveira, C. A. (2023) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coad016 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Silva, M. M., Sellera, F. P., Furlan, J. P. R., Aravena-Ramírez, V., Fuentes‐Castillo, D., Fuga, B., Fróes, A. J. D. S., de Sousa, A. L., Júnior, F. G., & Lincopán, N. (2024) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110344 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Aucamp, J., van der Zwan, H., Geldenhuys, Z., Abera, A. B., Louw, R., & van der Sluis, R. (2023) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.013 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Unpaired Adult California Condors (Gymnogyps californianus) can Serve as Foster Parents in Captivity
Granthon, C., Medley, L. M., Haitz, C. M., Wuori, A. N., Springsteed, H. N., McClure, C. J. W., & Jenkins, M. (2021) · Journal of Raptor Research · doi:10.3356/jrr-20-106 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Vozdová, M., Kubı́čková, S., & Rubeš, J. (2019) · Reproduction Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd18468 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ghassani, Y. K., Rianti, P., Priambada, N. P., Arifin, I., Saptorini, I., Prameswari, W., & Darusman, H. S. (2023) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23524 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Benefit of Enrichment Application on Animals in Captivity
Kusumaningsih, P., & Rosiana, I. W. (2023) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1174/1/012025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Guo, Y., & Fennell, D. A. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14152137 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Greggor, A. L., Sheppard, J. K., Masuda, B. M., Gaudioso, J. M., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2024) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.13077 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBarrett, L. P., Flanagan, A. M., Masuda, B. M., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2024.1303239 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationOteyza, J. C., Miller, K. E., Schumann, A., Biesemier, S., & Sylvia, A. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.71662 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mason, L., Masuda, B. M., Swaisgood, R. R., & Flanagan, A. M. (2024) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21849 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationFlanagan, A. M., Masuda, B. M., Pribble, J., Dancil, K., Kauka, T., Tanaka, C., Bailey, H. E., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2024) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21862 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationPlácido, M., Talló-Parra, O., & Salas, M. (2024) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2024.2409158 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of rehabilitation exercise on locomotion performance of captive Bengal slow loris
Bolin, X., Linhong, L., Dongchen, H., Jiayong, L., Kairui, Z., YuMai, F., Ping, T., Yan, Z., Anqi, H., Changjun, Z., et al. (2024) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106304 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ethical Aspects of Sustainable Development in Polish Enterprises Transporting Animals for Slaughter
Budzik, A., & Budzik, T. (2019) · European Journal of Sustainable Development · doi:10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n4p347 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
English, H. M., Harvey, L., Wilson, R. P., Gunner, R., Holton, M. D., Woodroffe, R., & Börger, L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-562677/v2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Newnham, Z., & Rose, P. (2025) · Journal of veterinary behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2025.05.005
Not My Snake, Not My Circus: Customary Illegality and Moral Economies in the Bitis Trade
Heim, J. B. (2025) · Palgrave studies in green criminology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91557-4_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Social information about others' affective states in a human‐altered world
Hahn, L. G., McDowall, J., Vanhussel, M., Mendl, M. T., & Thornton, A. (2026) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70208 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ethical and Regulation Aspects Relevant to the Study of Reproduction in Wild Species
Biasetti, P., & de Mori, B. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87707-0_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Biasetti, P., Hildebrandt, T., Seet, S., Stejskal, J., Giardullo, P., Göritz, F., Holtze, S., Galli, C., Šťastný, M., & de Mori, B. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0342094 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Geijtenbeek, J. W., van den Berg, L. M., & Roth, T. S. (2026) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/awf.2026.10086 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gandia, K. M., Elliott, J., Girling, S. J., Kessler, S. E., & Buchanan‐Smith, H. M. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14152223 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gosselin, R. P., Flanagan, A. M., Mendl, M., Earnest, K., Masuda, B. M., & Greggor, A. L. (2024) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106475 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDesigning anti-predator training to maximize learning and efficacy assessmentsPreprint
Greggor, A. L., Masuda, B. M., Sabol, A. C., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470590 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationZuba, J. R., & Mama, K. R. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781119539278.ch44 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hard decisions: a perspective on energy realities
Swearingen, J. E. (1979) · Energy User News; (United States)
Karim, F. R., Masy’ud, B., & Hernowo, J. B. (2023) · Tropical Animal Science Journal · doi:10.5398/tasj.2023.46.1.20
The Zoo Veterinarian’s Role in Striving for Sustainable Populations
Clancy, M. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-82852-9.00032-0
Remote Management of Veterinary Field Programs
Kinney, M. E., & Masuda, B. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-82852-9.00010-1
Self-citationSjahfirdi, L., Nurfalah, L., Wisnuputri, D. F., & Iskandar, E. (2024) · Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.1.140.147
Adhya, T., Singh, S., Gottumukkala, H. V., Banerjee, A., Chongder, I., Maity, S., & Reddy, P. A. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14192770
Wichtel, N., Vallée, É., McInnes, K. M., & Hunter, S. A. (2024) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2024.2419538
Adam, Š., Piaček, V., Bednarikova, S., Havelkova, B., Němcová, M., Bomon, M., Lauer, R., & Pikula, J. (2024) · Acta Veterinaria Brno · doi:10.2754/avb202493040417
Psychological Well-being of Animals in Zoos and Aquariums
Allard, S. M., Shepherdson, D. J., & Carlstead, K. (2025) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800624313.0020
González, C. A. G., Pereira, R. J. G., Lima, A. L. A., Feitosa, R. F., Godoy, B. S., & Domingues, S. F. S. (2025) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2025.107992
Sullivan, P. A., Bigler, L., Cramer, C., Roman-Muniz, I. N., & Edwards-Callaway, L. (2025) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaf400
Breeding experience improves reproductive outcomes in an avian conservation breeding program
Flanagan, A. M., Masuda, B. M., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2025.1671345 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationKing, S. N. D., Greggor, A. L., & Shier, D. M. (2026) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2026.106938
Self-citationFerreira, D. N., Nogueira-Filho, S. L. G., Hernández‐Cruz, G., Lima, S. G. C., Mendl, M., & Nogueira, S. S. C. (2026) · Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens · doi:10.3390/jzbg7020017
Rose, P. E., Azogu‐Sepe, I., Clifforde, L. M., Harley, J. J., Hunt, K., Kelly, R. J., de Figueiredo, R. L., Partoon, J., Stanley, C. R., & Whiteside, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2026.1793169
Fontani, S., Gori, A., Cerasuolo, B., D’Alessandro, A., Renzi, S., Glendewar, G., Cowen, R., Cavalieri, D., & Vaglio, S. (2026) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.70202
MacDonald, L. A., Praefke, R., Frühwirth, S., & Stoeger, A. S. (2026) · Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens · doi:10.3390/jzbg7030037
Biodiversity and bird welfare in evaluation of tourism impact and sustainability in arid environment
Elhassan, E. E. M., Sládeček, M., Chajma, P., Pešková, L., Brynychová, K., Trejbalová, K., Bilal, M., & Šálek, M. (2026) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.70427
Integrating behavior, welfare, and veterinary management in captive Malayan tapirs
Khan, T., Hashim, N. H., Zain, S. N. M., & Omar, H. (2026) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2026.09.003
Scarlata, C. D., Fink, L. B., Suhn, M., & Wielebnowski, N. C. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16203171
- Authors
- Greggor, A. L., Vicino, G. A., Swaisgood, R. R., Fidgett, A., Brenner, D., Kinney, M. E., Farabaugh, S., Masuda, B., & Lamberski, N.
- Affiliations
- Zoological Society of San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Greggor, Alison L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Veterinary Science
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-12-18
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 323-323
- ISSN
- 2297-1769 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6315189
- OpenAlex
- W2904552310
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 8.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Veterinary Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Conservation, Ecology, Wildlife Education
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- animal welfare, conservation breeding, captive breeding, zoo animal husbandry, behavioral enrichment, species-typical behavior, release into the wild, parenting, welfare monitoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
