Design and Evaluation of a Smart Ex Vitro Acclimatization System for Tissue Culture Plantlets
Open accessAbstract
One of the technological advancements in agricultural production is the tissue culture propagation technique, commonly used for mass multiplication and disease-free plants. The necessity for date palm tissue culture emerged from the inability of traditional propagation methods’ offshoots to meet the immediate demands for significant amounts of planting material for commercial cultivars. Tissue culture plantlets are produced in a protected aseptic in vitro environment where all growth variables are strictly controlled. The challenges occur when these plantlets are transferred to an ex vitro climate for acclimatization. Traditional glasshouses are frequently used; however, this has substantial mortality consequences. In the present study, a novel IoT-based automated ex vitro acclimatization system (E-VAS) was designed and evaluated for the acclimatization of date palm plantlets (cv. Khalas) to enhance their morpho-physiological attributes and reduce the mortality rate and the contamination risk through minimal human contact. The experimental findings showed that the morpho-physiological parameters of 6- and 12-month-old plants were higher when acclimatized in the prototype E-VAS compared to the traditional glasshouse acclimatization system (TGAS). The maximum plant mortality percentage occurred within the first month of the transfer from the in vitro to ex vitro environment in both systems, which gradually declined up to six months; after that, no significant plant mortality was observed. About 6% mortality was recorded in E-VAS, whereas 18% in TGAS within the first month of acclimatization. After six months of study, an overall 14% mortality was recorded in E-VAS compared to 41% in TGAS. The proposed automated system has a significant potential to address the growing demand for the rapid multiplication of tissue culture-produced planting materials since the plant survival rate and phenotype quality were much higher in E-VAS than in the conventional manual system that the present industry follows for commercial production.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper designs and evaluates an IoT-based ex vitro acclimatization system (E-VAS) for date palm tissue culture plantlets and compares it with a traditional glasshouse acclimatization system (TGAS). E-VAS reduced mortality and improved several morpho-physiological traits over 12 months.
Key findings
- Mortality was lower in E-VAS: 6.44% vs. 17.53% in TGAS during the first month, and 14.12% vs. 40.49% after six months; the paired Student t-test probability was 0.02.
- E-VAS plants had significantly greater plant height (28.38 ± 1.99 cm vs. 24.90 ± 2.18 cm), rhizome size (14.10 ± 0.93 mm vs. 12.36 ± 1.08 mm), root length (10.75 ± 1.23 cm vs. 8.84 ± 0.95 cm), leaf number (3.33 ± 0.30 vs. 2.87 ± 0.18), and total leaf area (47.27 ± 3.56 cm² vs. 43.11 ± 3.58 cm²).
- Biomass was also higher in E-VAS, including total biomass (7.57 ± 0.81 g vs. 6.02 ± 0.74 g), shoot fresh weight (6.75 ± 0.81 g vs. 5.35 ± 0.74 g), and root dry weight (0.29 ± 0.02 g vs. 0.19 ± 0.02 g).
- Chlorophyll content was significantly higher in E-VAS (46.05 ± 2.90 SPAD vs. 43.54 ± 2.16 SPAD), while photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and intercellular CO₂ concentration did not differ significantly between environments.
Methods
- The study designed an IoT-based E-VAS with temperature, RH, light, air quality, substrate moisture, and pH sensors; heating, cooling, humidification, lighting, and irrigation units; Arduino UNO and ESP8266 microcontrollers; and ThingSpeak cloud monitoring/alerts. It was compared with TGAS at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
- Ninety-six uniform date palm (cv. Khalas) tissue culture plantlets were divided into two groups of 48: E-VAS and TGAS. Measurements were taken at test tube plantlet stage, 6 months, and 12 months after acclimatization.
- Morphological and physiological data were analyzed with a two-factorial completely randomized design and LSD test at p ≤ 0.05; mortality was analyzed with a paired Student t-test. Sensors were calibrated and validated using R², MAPE, and RMSE.
Limitations
- The paper states that limited research has been conducted on IoT-based monitoring and control of ex vitro conditions during acclimatization, and it notes that limited sensor accuracy can make it difficult for smart greenhouses to optimize environmental parameters.
- Evident from the text: the experiment used a single date palm cultivar (Khalas) at one site, with 48 plantlets per treatment and 10 plants per parameter, so broader cultivar and location generalization is not established.
- Evident from the text: although reduced contamination risk and labor cost are mentioned as potential advantages, the study does not report measured contamination or economic/labor outcomes.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
10 of 27 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Study design and conductcitation
The sensors used in the study (DHT22 temperature/RH, DX-250 pH, LM35 temperature, VH400 volumetric soil moisture, MQ-135 air quality, and FUT3101 light intensity) were calibrated using the same techniques described in previous studies to ensure their accuracy.
“The sensors used in this study, i.e., the digital DHT22 temperature and RH sensor, the analog DX-250 pH sensor, the analog LM35 temperature sensor, the analog VH400 volumetric soil moisture content sensor, the analog MQ-135 air quality sensor, and the FUT3101 light intensity sensor module were calibrated using the same techniques described in previous studies [48,60,66] to ensure their accuracy”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [48] Mohammed, M., Riad, K., and Alqahtani, N. (2021). Efficient iot-based control for a smart subsurface irrigation system to enhance irrigation management of date palm. Sensors, 21. source
Section 2.3 describes calibrating a volumetric water-content sensor against measured soil water content, and Section 3.1 identifies it as the VH400 and reports its calibration curve. The paper uses DHT11 rather than DHT22 sensors and does not describe calibration techniques for the listed pH, LM35, air-quality, or FUT3101 light sensors. It therefore supports the VH400 example, but not the full set of sensor-specific techniques attributed to it. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [60] Mohammed, M., Riad, K., and Alqahtani, N. (2022). Design of a Smart IoT-Based Control System for Remotely Managing Cold Storage Facilities. Sensors, 22. source
Section 2.3 (page unavailable) describes calibrating a DHT22 temperature/RH sensor against an incubator, and Section 3.1 reports that calibration met the study’s accuracy criteria. The source also describes reference-instrument calibration for other sensors, but it does not describe calibrating the listed DX-250, LM35, VH400, MQ-135, or FUT3101 models. It therefore supports the DHT22 example and the general calibration approach, not the attribution of techniques for the full sensor list. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [66] Sagheer, A., Mohammed, M., Riad, K., and Alhajhoj, M. (2021). A cloud-based IoT platform for precision control of soilless greenhouse cultivation. Sensors, 21. source
Section 2.4 (Measurements; page unavailable) describes calibrating the VH400 moisture probe against gravimetrically determined water content. Section 2.2 (System Architecture; page unavailable) describes several other sensors, but specifies a DHT11 rather than a DHT22 and LDRs rather than a FUT3101; it also says the LM35 needs no external calibration. The source therefore supports a calibration technique for the VH400, not the claim that the listed sensors were calibrated using the same techniques. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Fluctuations in ambient temperature and RH are detrimental during acclimatization due to their negative effects on plant growth and development.
“However, due to their negative effects on plant growth and development, fluctuations in ambient temperature and RH are detrimental during acclimatization [85,86].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [85] Muhl, 2011, Moringa oleifera (Horseradish tree) leaf adaptation to temperature regimes, Int. J. Agric. Biol.
- cites [86] Zhu, 2021, Acclimation of leaf respiration temperature responses across thermally contrasting biomes, New Phytol. source
The Introduction and the section on thermal acclimation of R25 describe how leaf respiration adjusts to changes in growth temperature. An Accepted Article passage also relates vapour pressure deficit to leaf respiration, but none of these passages says that fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity harm plant growth or development during acclimatization. Searches for humidity fluctuations and negative effects on growth found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Date palm offshoots are doomed to failure if separated from the mother palm due to insufficient root growth.
“The offshoots are also doomed to failure if separated from the mother palm due to insufficient root growth [2,3].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [2] Zaid, A., and De Wet, P.F. (2002). Date Palm Cultivation. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 156 Rev.1, FAO.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [3] Chao, 2007, The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Overview of biology, uses, and cultivation, HortScience source
The Cultivation of Date Palms section says offshoots develop roots after 3 to 5 years attached to the parent palm and can then be removed and planted. This supports waiting for root development before separation, but it does not say that offshoots separated with insufficient roots are inevitably doomed to fail. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
A significant percentage of in vitro-derived plantlets do not survive when moved from a controlled in vitro environment to ambient glasshouse or outdoor conditions.
“A significant percentage of in vitro-derived plantlets do not survive when moved from a controlled in vitro environment to an ambient glasshouse or outdoor conditions [39,42]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [39] 2016, Morphophysiologicals Problems in Acclimatization of Micropropagated Plants in—Ex Vitro Conditions- A Reviews, J. Ornam. Hortic. Plants
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [42] Pushpakanth, 2021, Biotization of tissue culture banana plantlets with Methylobacterium salsuginis to enhance the survival and growth under greenhouse and open environment condition, J. Environ. Biol. source
- Findingown data
The temperature variance in the designed E-VAS system was slightly lower than the TGAS.
“The temperature variance in the designed E-VAS system was slightly lower than the TGAS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
The E-VAS could be efficiently regulated by adjusting the minimum and maximum setpoints for the substrate's temperature, RH, and moisture content.
“Our real-time investigations showed that the E-VAS could be efficiently regulated by adjusting the minimum and maximum setpoints for the substrate's temperature, RH, and moisture content.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After one month, the plantlets acclimatized in E-VAS had 67% lower mortality than the plantlets transferred to TGAS.
“After one month, the plantlets acclimatized in E-VAS had 67% lower mortality than the plantlets transferred to TGAS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
These attributes were highest in 12-month-old plants that had been acclimatized to the E-VAS environment.
“These attributes were highest in 12-month-old plants that had been acclimatized to the E-VAS environment, according to the interaction analysis of these parameters.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The IoT-based system delivered three alert signals because the RH in the E-VAS reached the highest alert setpoint (60%) for 60 min.
“Because the RH in the E-VAS reached the highest alert setpoint (60%) for 60 min throughout the experiment, the designed IoT-based system delivered three alert signals (Figure 5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The outdoor RH ranged from 8.63 to 83.72%, with an average of 37.64 ± 5.76%.
“The outdoor RH ranged from 8.63 to 83.72%, with an average of 37.64 ± 5.76%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The outdoor, TGAS, and E-VAS had significantly different relative humidity levels.
“The outdoor, TGAS, and EVAS had significantly different relative humidity levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The E-VAS environment significantly enhanced plant biomass-related attributes such as shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, root shoot dry weight ratio, and total biomass.
“The acclimatized plants in the two testing environments revealed that the E-VAS environment significantly enhanced plant biomass-related attributes such as shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, root shoot dry weight ratio, and total biomass (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After six months of study, an overall 14% mortality was recorded in E-VAS compared to 41% in TGAS.
“After six months of study, an overall 14% mortality was recorded in E-VAS compared to 41% in TGAS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Differences between the E-VAS and TGAS other than the controlled microclimate (for example, sensor-based versus time-based irrigation scheduling) do not account for the observed differences in plantlet mortality and morpho-physiological parameters.
- Findingown data
Plants acclimatized in the E-VAS environment had much higher chlorophyll content than under the TGAS environment.
“Although the plants acclimatized in the E-VAS environment had much higher chlorophyll content than under the TGAS environment”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Comparing the TGAS and the E-VAS systems, there was a non-significant difference in the environmental variable of light intensity.
“Comparing the TGAS and the E-VAS systems, there was a non-significant difference in the environmental variable of light intensity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After six months, a 66% lower mortality rate was observed in E-VAS compared to TGAS.
“Similarly, after six months a 66% lower mortality rate was observed in EVAS compared to TGAS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Plants' responses to intercellular CO2 concentration reduced as their age increased.
“In contrast to the rate of photosynthesis, the stomatal conductance, and the rate of transpiration, plants' responses to intercellular CO 2 concentration reduced as their age increased.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Plants acclimatized under the E-VAS environment performed significantly better after 6 and 12 months regarding plant height, rhizome size, root length, root number, leaf number, and total leaf area parameters compared to the same-aged plants under TGAS environment.
“The interaction data of both factors indicated that plants acclimatized under the E-VAS environment performed significantly better after 6 and 12 months regarding plant height, rhizome size, root length, root number, leaf number, and total leaf area parameters compared to the same-aged plants under TGAS environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Plants transferred to the TGAS environment for acclimatization exhibited a statistically significant increase in mortality for up to six months.
“For up to six months throughout the study period, plants that were transferred to the TGAS environment for acclimatization exhibited a statistically significant increase in mortality (Figure 11).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The TGAS RH ranged from 36.21 to 58.67%, with an average of 45.76 ± 5.05%.
“the range of the TGAS RH was 36.21 to 58.67%, with an average of 45.76 ± 5.05%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Mortality significantly declined thereafter in both environments.
“which significantly declined thereafter in both environments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Other physiological characteristics, besides intercellular CO2 concentration, dramatically increased with plant age.
“Comparing the response of plant age, other physiological characteristics, besides intercellular CO 2 concentration, dramatically increased with plant age.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The IoT-based system did not send a low RH alert because the chamber's RH remained above the minimum alert setpoint (40%) for 30 min.
“In contrast, the IoT-based system did not send a low RH alert because the chamber's RH remained above the minimum alert setpoint (40%) for 30 min.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The chlorophyll content in each environment was significantly lower in TTP and 6MOP than that in 12MOP.
“the chlorophyll content in each environment was significantly lower in TTP and 6MOP than that in 12MOP (Table 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Comparing the RH of the TGAS to the E-VAS chamber, a significant variation is observed.
“Comparing the RH of the TGAS to the E-VAS chamber, a significant variation is observed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The morpho-physiological parameters of 6- and 12-month-old date palm plantlets (cv. Khalas) were higher when acclimatized in the prototype E-VAS than in the traditional glasshouse acclimatization system (TGAS).
“The experimental findings showed that the morpho-physiological parameters of 6-and 12-month-old plants were higher when acclimatized in the prototype E-VAS compared to the traditional glasshouse acclimatization system (TGAS).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Differences between the E-VAS and TGAS other than the controlled microclimate (for example, sensor-based versus time-based irrigation scheduling) do not account for the observed differences in plantlet mortality and morpho-physiological parameters.
- Findingown data
There was no significant difference in stomatal conductance between E-VAS and TGAS plants (17.85 ± 1.11 vs 17.38 ± 0.97 mmol m-2 s-1, NS).
“E-VAS | 46.05 ± 2.90 a | 9.30 ± 0.81 a | 17.85 ± 1.11 a | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 165.14 ± 23.36 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 43.54 ± 2.16 b | 8.87 ± 0.67 a | 17.38 ± 0.97 a | 0.51 ± 0.03 a | 174.54 ± 12.89 a”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
- Findingown data
There was a significant difference in plant mortality between E-VAS and TGAS environments (p=0.02).
“Different letters indicate significant differences under E-VAS and TGAS environments.Paired Student t-test was applied on mean data of mortality percentage and the probability value was 0.02.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
E-VAS plants had significantly greater shoot fresh weight than TGAS plants (6.75 ± 0.81 g vs 5.35 ± 0.74 g, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS TGAS | 6.75 ± 0.81 a 5.35 ± 0.74 b | 2.28 ± 0.20 a 1.91 ± 0.11 b | 0.65 ± 0.05 a 0.54 ± 0.05 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 a 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 7.57 ± 0.81 a 6.02 ± 0.74 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
E-VAS plants had significantly greater total biomass than TGAS plants (7.57 ± 0.81 g vs 6.02 ± 0.74 g, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS TGAS | 6.75 ± 0.81 a 5.35 ± 0.74 b | 2.28 ± 0.20 a 1.91 ± 0.11 b | 0.65 ± 0.05 a 0.54 ± 0.05 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 a 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 7.57 ± 0.81 a 6.02 ± 0.74 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
E-VAS plants had significantly greater shoot dry weight than TGAS plants (2.28 ± 0.20 g vs 1.91 ± 0.11 g, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS TGAS | 6.75 ± 0.81 a 5.35 ± 0.74 b | 2.28 ± 0.20 a 1.91 ± 0.11 b | 0.65 ± 0.05 a 0.54 ± 0.05 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 a 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 7.57 ± 0.81 a 6.02 ± 0.74 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was no significant difference in transpiration rate between E-VAS and TGAS plants (0.52 ± 0.02 vs 0.51 ± 0.03 mmol m-2 s-1, NS).
“E-VAS | 46.05 ± 2.90 a | 9.30 ± 0.81 a | 17.85 ± 1.11 a | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 165.14 ± 23.36 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 43.54 ± 2.16 b | 8.87 ± 0.67 a | 17.38 ± 0.97 a | 0.51 ± 0.03 a | 174.54 ± 12.89 a”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
- Findingown data
There was no significant difference in root shoot FW ratio between E-VAS and TGAS plants (0.09 ± 0.01 vs 0.09 ± 0.02, NS).
“E-VAS TGAS | 6.75 ± 0.81 a 5.35 ± 0.74 b | 2.28 ± 0.20 a 1.91 ± 0.11 b | 0.65 ± 0.05 a 0.54 ± 0.05 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 a 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 7.57 ± 0.81 a 6.02 ± 0.74 b”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
E-VAS-acclimatized plants had much better morpho-physiological characteristics.
“Moreover, E-VAS-acclimatized plants had much better morpho-physiological characteristics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was no significant difference in intercellular CO2 concentration between E-VAS and TGAS plants (165.14 ± 23.36 vs 174.54 ± 12.89 μmol mol-1, NS).
“E-VAS | 46.05 ± 2.90 a | 9.30 ± 0.81 a | 17.85 ± 1.11 a | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 165.14 ± 23.36 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 43.54 ± 2.16 b | 8.87 ± 0.67 a | 17.38 ± 0.97 a | 0.51 ± 0.03 a | 174.54 ± 12.89 a”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
- Findingown data
E-VAS plants had significantly greater root fresh weight than TGAS plants (0.65 ± 0.05 g vs 0.54 ± 0.05 g, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS TGAS | 6.75 ± 0.81 a 5.35 ± 0.74 b | 2.28 ± 0.20 a 1.91 ± 0.11 b | 0.65 ± 0.05 a 0.54 ± 0.05 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 a 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 7.57 ± 0.81 a 6.02 ± 0.74 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
In comparison to TGAS, the in vitro-raised date palm (cv. Khalas) had a much higher survival rate in E-VAS.
“In comparison to TGAS, the in vitro-raised date palm (cv.Khalas) had a much higher survival rate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
E-VAS plants had significantly greater root shoot DW ratio than TGAS plants (0.12 ± 0.01 vs 0.10 ± 0.01, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS TGAS | 6.75 ± 0.81 a 5.35 ± 0.74 b | 2.28 ± 0.20 a 1.91 ± 0.11 b | 0.65 ± 0.05 a 0.54 ± 0.05 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 a 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 7.57 ± 0.81 a 6.02 ± 0.74 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
E-VAS plants had significantly greater root dry weight than TGAS plants (0.29 ± 0.02 g vs 0.19 ± 0.02 g, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS TGAS | 6.75 ± 0.81 a 5.35 ± 0.74 b | 2.28 ± 0.20 a 1.91 ± 0.11 b | 0.65 ± 0.05 a 0.54 ± 0.05 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 a 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 7.57 ± 0.81 a 6.02 ± 0.74 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
There is little information on how to acclimate plants grown in vitro to the ex vitro soil environment.
“There is, however, little information on how to acclimate plants grown in vitro to the ex vitro soil environment [26].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Hazarika, 2003, Acclimatization of tissue-cultured plants, Curr. Sci.
- Premisereasoning
In vitro-grown plantlets develop a culture-induced phenotype that cannot withstand ambient environmental conditions when planted directly in a glasshouse.
“These plantlets develop a culture-induced phenotype that cannot withstand the ambient environmental conditions when planted directly in a glasshouse.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
If appropriate automated technology is not followed, plantlets may desiccate quickly and die due to the environmental changes when they are transferred from an in vitro culture room to an ex vitro greenhouse.
“This indicates that if appropriate automated technology is not followed, plantlets may desiccate quickly and die due to the environmental changes when they are transferred from an in vitro culture room to an ex vitro greenhouse [39].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [39] 2016, Morphophysiologicals Problems in Acclimatization of Micropropagated Plants in—Ex Vitro Conditions- A Reviews, J. Ornam. Hortic. Plants
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Sexual propagation of dioecious date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) results in high genetic heterozygous progeny, making it unsuitable for commercial utilization.
“Dioecious date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) sexual propagation results in high genetic heterozygous progeny, making it unsuitable for commercial utilization [1].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Jain, S.M., and Gupta, P.K. (2005). Date Palm Phoenix Dactylifera L. Protocol for Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, Springer. source
- Premisecitation
In vitro plantlets of coconut were successfully acclimatized in a culture compartment inside a glasshouse with natural light (0-250 μmol m-2 s-1) and RH (40-95%) but controlled temperature (26 ± 5 °C).
“In vitro plantlets of coconut were successfully acclimatized in a culture compartment inside a glasshouse with natural light (0-250 µmol m -2 s -1 ) and RH (40-95%) but controlled temperature (26 ± 5 • C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [88] Talavera, 2005, Cultivating in vitro coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) under glasshouse conditions with natural light, improves in vitro photosynthesis nursery survival and growth, Plant. Cell. Tissue Organ. Cult. source
- Interpretationreasoning
The user can remotely monitor the E-VAS and access the relevant data of the acclimatization chamber microclimate using the IoT-based monitoring and control system to decide appropriate actions depending on the current condition.
“Therefore, the user can remotely monitor the E-VAS and access the relevant data of the acclimatization chamber microclimate using the IoT-based monitoring and control system to decide the appropriate actions depending on the current condition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Following a six month ex vitro acclimatization period, plantlets grown under temperature-controlled glasshouse conditions maintained higher rates of field survival and growth in terms of fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf number.
“Following a six month ex vitro acclimatization period, plantlets grown under temperature-controlled glasshouse conditions maintained higher rates of field survival and growth in terms of fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf number [88].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [88] Talavera, 2005, Cultivating in vitro coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) under glasshouse conditions with natural light, improves in vitro photosynthesis nursery survival and growth, Plant. Cell. Tissue Organ. Cult. source
- Study design and conductown data
The analog DX-250 pH sensor (pHS) was validated with R2=0.948, MAPE=3.516, RMSE=0.290, and linear regression y = 0.973x + 0.003 over pH 5-8 (n=20).
“pHS | 5-8 | 20 | 0.948 | 3.516 | 0.290 | y = 0.973x + 0.003”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The FUT3101 light intensity sensor (LIS) was validated with R2=0.995, MAPE=7.547, RMSE=22.761, and linear regression y = 11.65x + 1.505 over 10-890 μmol m-2 s-1 (n=50).
“LIS | 10-890 µmol m -2 s -1 | 50 | 0.995 | 7.547 | 22.761 | y = 11.65x + 1.505”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The analog LM35 temperature sensor (ATS) was validated with R2=0.994, MAPE=4.303, RMSE=0.834, and linear regression y = 0.997x - 0.326 over 1-50°C (n=200).
“ATS | 1-50 • C | 200 | 0.994 | 4.303 | 0.834 | y = 0.997x -0.326”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The digital DHT22 temperature sensor (DTS) was validated with R2=0.976, MAPE=8.613, RMSE=1.668, and linear regression y = 0.991x - 0.652 over 1-50°C (n=200).
“DTS | 1-50 • C | 200 | 0.976 | 8.613 | 1.668 | y = 0.991x -0.652”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The designed system operated as expected.
“By analyzing the results of the implementation, it can be concluded that the designed system operated as expected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The analog VH400 volumetric soil moisture content sensor (VMCS) was validated with R2=0.968, MAPE=1.991, RMSE=0.894, and linear regression y = 1.006x - 0.075 over 22-40% (n=20).
“VMCS | 22-40% | 20 | 0.968 | 1.991 | 0.894 | y = 1.006x -0.075”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The analog MQ-135 air quality sensor (AQS) was validated with R2=0.994, MAPE=9.804, RMSE=0.011, and linear regression y = 0.983x - 0.001 over 0.04-0.4% (n=30).
“AQS | 0.04-0.4% | 30 | 0.994 | 9.804 | 0.011 | y = 0.983x -0.001”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16
- May combine two claims. 27
- The quote only partly states this claim. 11
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationYuan et al. designed and implemented an open IoT-based plant growth chamber to implement real-time commands to control environmental factors to optimize plant photosynthetic activities.
“To optimize plant photosynthetic activities, Yuan et al. [81] designed and implemented an open IoT-based plant growth chamber to implement real-time commands to control environmental factors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] Yuan, 2022, An open Internet of Things (IoT)-based framework for feedback controlof photosynthetic activities, Photosynthetica source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe root zone temperature of lettuce grown in an aeroponic system was automatically controlled using a smart IoT-designed system by recording the real-time environmental parameters, which showed an optimization of lettuce growth characteristics.
“The root zone temperature of lettuce grown in an aeroponic system was automatically controlled using a smart IoT-designed system by recording the real-time environmental parameters, which showed an optimization of lettuce growth characteristics [82].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [82] Mohamed, 2022, Development and experiment of the intelligent control system for rhizosphere temperature of aeroponic lettuce via the Internet of Things, Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng. source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSince excessive heat or humidity can cause widespread plant damage, controlling and monitoring the environment in a glasshouse is essential.
“Since excessive heat or humidity can cause widespread plant damage, controlling and monitoring the environment in a glasshouse is essential [83,84].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [83] Rojas-Rishor, A., Flores-Velazquez, J., Villagran, E., and Aguilar-Rodríguez, C.E. (2022). Valuation of Climate Performance of a Low-Tech Greenhouse in Costa Rica. Processes, 10. source
- cites [84] Chauhan, 2022, Interpolation of Microclimatic Parameters Over Capsicum Under Open Ventilated Greenhouse, Int. J. Econ. Plants source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe outdoor temperature ranged from 8.42 to 45.18 °C, with an average of 30.45 ± 9.43 °C.
“The outdoor temperature ranged from 8.42 to 45.18 °C, with an average of 30.45 ± 9.43 °C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataTemperatures indoors ranged from 15.6 to 37.54 °C, with an average of 27.12 ± 6.36 °C.
“Temperatures indoors ranged from 15.6 to 37.54 °C, with an average of 27.12 ± 6.36 °C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThese parameters, including the root shoot fresh weight ratio, increased linearly with plant age and maximized at the 12 month stage.
“These parameters, including the root shoot fresh weight ratio, increased linearly with plant age and maximized at the 12 month stage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWithin six months, plants transferred to the TGAS environment had a mortality rate of 40.49%, whereas plants transferred to the E-VAS environment had a mortality rate of only 14.12%.
“Within six months, plants transferred to the TGAS environment had a mortality rate of 40.49%, whereas plants transferred to the E-VAS environment had a mortality rate of only 14.12%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe light intensity in the E-VAS did not drop below the minimal alarm setpoint (700 μmol m-2 s-1) for 60 min; hence, the IoT-based system did not issue any alerts regarding the light intensity during the experiment.
“The light intensity in the E-VAS did not drop below the minimal alarm setpoint (700 µmol m -2 s -1 ) for 60 min; hence, the IoT-based system did not issue any alerts regarding the light intensity during the experiment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAll sensors performed well, indicating a perfect match between the measured temperature, RH, light intensity, pH, air quality, and volumetric soil moisture content and their observed values.
“According to all the evaluation criteria (R 2 , MAPE, and RMSE) and the linear regressions models that almost overlapped the 1:1 line (y = x + 0), all the sensors performed well, indicating a perfect match between the measured temperature, RH, light intensity, pH, air quality, and volumetric soil moisture content and their observed values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe average E-VAS temperature was 29.91 ± 0.77 °C and ranged from 26.55 to 31.1 °C.
“the average E-VAS temperature was 29.91 ± 0.77 °C, which ranged from 26.55 to 31.1 °C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataPlants acclimatized to the E-VAS environment had significantly greater plant height, rhizome size, root length, leaf number, and total leaf area than plants acclimatized to the TGAS environment.
“The morphological data presented in Table 2 show that plants acclimatized to the E-VAS environment had significantly greater plant height, rhizome size, root length, leaf number, and total leaf area than plants acclimatized to the TGAS environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe average E-VAS RH was 51.22 ± 8.57% and ranged from 45.24 to 78.77%.
“The average E-VAS RH was 51.22 ± 8.57% and ranged from 45.24 to 78.77%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe maximum mortality percentage was recorded during the first month of acclimatization, i.e., 17.53% under TGAS and 6.44% under E-VAS environments.
“The maximum mortality percentage was recorded during the first month of acclimatization, i.e., 17.53% under TGAS and 6.44% under E-VAS environments”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe plants acclimatized in the E-VAS environment for 12 months had a maximum shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, root shoot fresh weight ratio, root shoot dry weight ratio, and total biomass.
“The interaction of both factors indicated that the plants acclimatized in the E-VAS environment for 12 months had a maximum shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, root shoot fresh weight ratio, root shoot dry weight ratio, and total biomass.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and intercellular CO2 concentration were statistically nonsignificant in both environments (E-VAS and TGAS).
“Other physiological characteristics such as the rate of photosynthesis, the stomatal conductance, the rate of transpiration, and the concentration of intercellular CO 2 were statistically nonsignificant in both environments (E-VAS and TGAS).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAbout 6% mortality was recorded in E-VAS versus 18% in TGAS within the first month of acclimatization.
“About 6% mortality was recorded in E-VAS, whereas 18% in TGAS within the first month of acclimatization.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Differences between the E-VAS and TGAS other than the controlled microclimate (for example, sensor-based versus time-based irrigation scheduling) do not account for the observed differences in plantlet mortality and morpho-physiological parameters.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe IoT-based system did not send any alert notifications during the course of this experiment.
“the IoT-based system did not send any alert notifications during the course of this experiment”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe average TGAS temperature was 30.18 ± 1.06 °C and ranged from 25.39 to 31.92 °C.
“The average TGAS temperature was 30.18 ± 1.06 °C and ranged from 25.39 to 31.92 °C”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe maximum plant mortality percentage occurred within the first month after transfer from the in vitro to the ex vitro environment in both systems, declined gradually up to six months, and after six months no significant plant mortality was observed.
“The maximum plant mortality percentage occurred within the first month of the transfer from the in vitro to ex vitro environment in both systems, which gradually declined up to six months; after that, no significant plant mortality was”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe IoT-based system and ultrasonic humidifier effectively managed the RH of the E-VAS, delivered alert notifications depending on the alert setpoints, and attained the targeted RH.
“The IoT-based system and ultrasonic humidifier effectively managed the RH of the E-VAS, delivered alert notifications depending on the alert setpoints, and attained the targeted RH (Figure 10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOlder plants (12 months) had significantly greater plant heights, rhizome sizes, root lengths, leaf number, and total leaf areas.
“Comparing plant ages, it was observed that the older plants (12 months) had significantly greater plant heights, rhizome sizes, root lengths, leaf number, and total leaf areas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataE-VAS plants had significantly greater total leaf area than TGAS plants (47.27 ± 3.56 cm2 vs 43.11 ± 3.58 cm2, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS | 28.38 ± 1.99 a | 14.10 ± 0.93 a | 10.75 ± 1.23 a | 2.73 ± 0.48 a | 3.33 ± 0.30 a | 47.27 ± 3.56 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 24.90 ± 2.18 b | 12.36 ± 1.08 b | 8.84 ± 0.95 b | 2.47 ± 0.33 a | 2.87 ± 0.18 b | 43.11 ± 3.58 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataE-VAS plants had significantly greater leaf number than TGAS plants (3.33 ± 0.30 vs 2.87 ± 0.18, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS | 28.38 ± 1.99 a | 14.10 ± 0.93 a | 10.75 ± 1.23 a | 2.73 ± 0.48 a | 3.33 ± 0.30 a | 47.27 ± 3.56 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 24.90 ± 2.18 b | 12.36 ± 1.08 b | 8.84 ± 0.95 b | 2.47 ± 0.33 a | 2.87 ± 0.18 b | 43.11 ± 3.58 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataE-VAS plants had significantly greater chlorophyll (SPAD) than TGAS plants (46.05 ± 2.90 vs 43.54 ± 2.16, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS | 46.05 ± 2.90 a | 9.30 ± 0.81 a | 17.85 ± 1.11 a | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 165.14 ± 23.36 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 43.54 ± 2.16 b | 8.87 ± 0.67 a | 17.38 ± 0.97 a | 0.51 ± 0.03 a | 174.54 ± 12.89 a”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataE-VAS plants had significantly greater rhizome size than TGAS plants (14.10 ± 0.93 mm vs 12.36 ± 1.08 mm, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS | 28.38 ± 1.99 a | 14.10 ± 0.93 a | 10.75 ± 1.23 a | 2.73 ± 0.48 a | 3.33 ± 0.30 a | 47.27 ± 3.56 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 24.90 ± 2.18 b | 12.36 ± 1.08 b | 8.84 ± 0.95 b | 2.47 ± 0.33 a | 2.87 ± 0.18 b | 43.11 ± 3.58 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataE-VAS plants had significantly greater root length than TGAS plants (10.75 ± 1.23 cm vs 8.84 ± 0.95 cm, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS | 28.38 ± 1.99 a | 14.10 ± 0.93 a | 10.75 ± 1.23 a | 2.73 ± 0.48 a | 3.33 ± 0.30 a | 47.27 ± 3.56 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 24.90 ± 2.18 b | 12.36 ± 1.08 b | 8.84 ± 0.95 b | 2.47 ± 0.33 a | 2.87 ± 0.18 b | 43.11 ± 3.58 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataPlant age significantly affected all measured physiological parameters (chlorophyll, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration) with 12MOP > 6MOP > TTP (p≤0.05).
“TTP | 25.28 ± 2.18 c | 7.34 ± 0.77 c | 15.98 ± 0.88 c | 0.50 ± 0.02 b | 211.86 ± 15.47 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“6MOP | 51.44 ± 2.75 b | 9.24 ± 0.43 b | 17.66 ± 0.96 b | 0.51 ± 0.03 b | 159.28 ± 20.51 b”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“12MOP | 57.66 ± 2.66 a | 10.67 ± 1.03 a | 19.20 ± 1.28 a | 0.55 ± 0.03 a | 138.38 ± 18.40 c”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataE-VAS plants had significantly greater plant height than TGAS plants (28.38 ± 1.99 cm vs 24.90 ± 2.18 cm, p≤0.05).
“E-VAS | 28.38 ± 1.99 a | 14.10 ± 0.93 a | 10.75 ± 1.23 a | 2.73 ± 0.48 a | 3.33 ± 0.30 a | 47.27 ± 3.56 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 24.90 ± 2.18 b | 12.36 ± 1.08 b | 8.84 ± 0.95 b | 2.47 ± 0.33 a | 2.87 ± 0.18 b | 43.11 ± 3.58 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataPlant age significantly affected all measured morphological parameters (plant height, rhizome size, root length, root number, leaf number, total leaf area) with 12MOP > 6MOP > TTP (p≤0.05).
“TTP | 13.58 ± 0.69 c | 6.11 ± 0.53 c | 5.51 ± 0.39 c | 1.00 ± 0.00 c | 2.00 ± 0.00 c | 25.36 ± 1.60 c”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“6MOP | 23.82 ± 3.47 b | 12.93 ± 0.81 b | 9.23 ± 1.33 b | 2.00 ± 0.45 b | 2.90 ± 0.50 b | 39.89 ± 4.01 b”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“12MOP | 42.52 ± 2.10 a | 20.65 ± 1.69 a | 14.64 ± 1.54 a | 4.80 ± 0.77 a | 4.40 ± 0.22 a | 70.33 ± 5.10 a”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataThere was no significant difference in root number between E-VAS and TGAS plants (2.73 ± 0.48 vs 2.47 ± 0.33, NS).
“E-VAS | 28.38 ± 1.99 a | 14.10 ± 0.93 a | 10.75 ± 1.23 a | 2.73 ± 0.48 a | 3.33 ± 0.30 a | 47.27 ± 3.56 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 24.90 ± 2.18 b | 12.36 ± 1.08 b | 8.84 ± 0.95 b | 2.47 ± 0.33 a | 2.87 ± 0.18 b | 43.11 ± 3.58 b”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataThere was no significant difference in photosynthesis between E-VAS and TGAS plants (9.30 ± 0.81 vs 8.87 ± 0.67 μmol m-2 s-1, NS).
“E-VAS | 46.05 ± 2.90 a | 9.30 ± 0.81 a | 17.85 ± 1.11 a | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 165.14 ± 23.36 a”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“TGAS | 43.54 ± 2.16 b | 8.87 ± 0.67 a | 17.38 ± 0.97 a | 0.51 ± 0.03 a | 174.54 ± 12.89 a”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataPlant age significantly affected all measured biomass parameters (shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root shoot FW ratio, root shoot DW ratio, total biomass) with 12MOP > 6MOP > TTP (p≤0.05).
“TTP | 2.97 ± 0.62 c | 0.91 ± 0.13 c | 0.22 ± 0.01 c | 0.09 ± 0.00 c | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.10 ± 0.02 b | 3.40 ± 0.62 c”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“6MOP 12MOP | 5.67 ± 0.25 b 9.51 ± 1.46 a | 1.90 ± 0.10 b 3.47 ± 0.23 a | 0.48 ± 0.07 b 1.08 ± 0.07 a | 0.19 ± 0.01 b 0.43 ± 0.04 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 b 0.12 ± 0.02 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 b 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 6.40 ± 0.25 b 10.58 ± 1.46 a”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAll used sensors underwent calibration and validation prior to the experiment to assure the accuracy of the measurements.
“To assure the accuracy of the measurements in this investigation, all the used sensors underwent calibration and validation prior to the experiment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe in vitro propagation approach is preferred to produce disease-free monocotyledonous date palms in large numbers of true-to-type in a short period.
“The in vitro propagation approach is preferred to produce disease-free monocotyledonous date palms in large numbers of true-to-type in a short period [9][10][11][12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [9] Jain, S.M., Al-Khayri, J.M., and Johnson, D.V. (2011). Date Palm Tissue Culture: A Pathway to Rural Development. Date Palm Biotechnology, Springer. source
- cites [10] 2012, Date palm biotechnology: Current status and prospective-an overview, Emir. J. Food Agric.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M., and Johnson, D.V. (2015). Date Palm Status and Perspective in Saudi Arabia, Springer.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Intha, 2020, Micropropagation of “KL1” date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), Agric. Nat. Resour. source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe proposed automated E-VAS has significant potential to address the growing demand for rapid multiplication of tissue culture-produced planting materials, because plant survival rate and phenotype quality were much higher in E-VAS than in the conventional manual system used by the present industry for commercial production.
“The proposed automated system has a significant potential to address the growing demand for the rapid multiplication of tissue culture-produced planting materials since the plant survival rate and phenotype quality were much higher in E-VAS than in the conventional manual system that the present industry follows for commercial production.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Differences between the E-VAS and TGAS other than the controlled microclimate (for example, sensor-based versus time-based irrigation scheduling) do not account for the observed differences in plantlet mortality and morpho-physiological parameters.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe proposed automated IoT-based environmental chamber can improve the survival rate of date palm plantlets during ex vitro acclimatization and enhance plant growth and physiological parameters.
“These results indicate that the proposed automated IoT-based environmental chamber can improve the survival rate of date palm plantlets during ex vitro acclimatization and enhance plant growth and physiological parameters.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe IoT-based system installed to monitor the photoperiod, light intensity, and quality remotely improved plant height, leaf area, leaf number, and chlorophyll content in Brassica chinensis.
“The IoT-based system installed to monitor the photoperiod, light intensity, and quality remotely improved plant height, leaf area, leaf number, and chlorophyll content in Brassica chinensis [80].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [80] Harun, 2019, Improved Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring system for growth optimization of Brassica chinensis, Comput. Electron. Agric. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenLimited research has been conducted on IoT-based monitoring and control of ex vitro conditions during acclimatization.
“However, limited research has been conducted on the IoT-based monitoring and control of ex vitro conditions during acclimatization.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBecause of the favorable microclimate in E-VAS, the plantlets showed the highest survival rate and superior morpho-physiological traits.
“Because of the favorable microclimate, the plantlets showed the highest survival rate and superior morpho-physiological traits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe limited accuracy of the available sensors makes it difficult for smart greenhouses to optimize these parameters.
“The limited accuracy of the available sensors makes it difficult for smart greenhouses to optimize these parameters [87].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [87] Ryder, 2021, Hierarchical Temporal Memory Continuous Learning Algorithms for Fire State Determination, Fire Technol. source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe environmental data recorded in the glasshouse (TGAS) indicated that the newly emerged plantlets struggled hard to survive because of the variation in the ambient environment variables, which also negatively affected their morpho-physiological attributes.
“However, the environmental data recorded in the glasshouse (TGAS) indicated that the newly emerged plantlets struggled hard to survive because of the variation in the ambient environment variables, which also negatively affected their morpho-physiological attributes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAcclimatization is the crucial last stage in the tissue culture technique and the key to successful plant propagation.
“It is the crucial last stage in the tissue culture technique, and the key to successful plant propagation [26].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Hazarika, 2003, Acclimatization of tissue-cultured plants, Curr. Sci.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThese coconut plantlets showed the highest photosynthesis rate, dry weight and number of leaves compared to the glasshouse plantlets subjected to the fluctuating natural temperature (25-38 °C).
“These plantlets showed the highest photosynthesis rate, dry weight and number of leaves compared to the glasshouse plantlets subjected to the fluctuating natural temperature (25-38 • C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [88] Talavera, 2005, Cultivating in vitro coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) under glasshouse conditions with natural light, improves in vitro photosynthesis nursery survival and growth, Plant. Cell. Tissue Organ. Cult. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe tissue culture (in vitro) propagation method is widely used to produce large numbers of genetically identical, physiologically superior, and phytosanitary plants in a limited time and space from a single mother plant.
“The tissue culture propagation method, also known as the in vitro technique, has emerged as a successful substitute for traditional methods of propagation and is widely used to produce large numbers of genetically identical, physiologically superior, and phytosanitary plants in a limited time and space from a single mother plant [4].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Torres, K.C. (1989). Application of Tissue Culture Techniques to Horticultural Crops. Tissue Culture Techniques for Horticultural Crops, Springer. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenProteus software (Version 8.11) was used to simulate the electronic circuit for all sensors and electric actuators to confirm the compatibility of these devices in operation.
“Proteus software (Version 8.11) was used to execute the electronic circuit simulation for all the sensors and electric actuators to confirm the compatibility of these devices in operation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe proposed automated system has significant potential to meet the growing demand for the rapid multiplication of planting saplings produced through tissue culture because the plant growth-related parameters and survival rate were significantly higher in E-VAS than in the TGAS system that the industry currently uses for commercial production.
“The proposed automated system has significant potential to meet the growing demand for the rapid multiplication of planting saplings produced through tissue culture because the plant growth-related parameters and survival rate were significantly higher in E-VAS than in the TGAS system that the industry currently uses for commercial production.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The TGAS system is currently used by the industry for commercial production.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe multiple comparisons of means were performed by the least significance difference (LSD) test.
“The multiple comparisons of means were performed by the least significance difference (LSD) test, where NS represents the non-significant difference and * shows significant difference within the means at 5% level of probability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe RH sensor (RHS) was validated with R2=0.966, MAPE=10.462, RMSE=4.375, and linear regression y = 1.014x + 2.078 over 10-90% (n=200).
“RHS | 10-90% | 200 | 0.966 | 10.462 | 4.375 | y = 1.014x + 2.078”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenData are the mean of ten independent biological replicates.
“Data are the mean of ten independent biological replicates, whereas ± data represent the standard deviation within replicates.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe statistical analysis is based on a two-factorial completely randomized design.
“The statistical analysis is based on a two-factorial completely randomized design.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataA paired Student t-test was applied on mean data of mortality percentage.
“Paired Student t-test was applied on mean data of mortality percentage and the probability value was 0.02.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences between the E-VAS and TGAS other than the controlled microclimate (for example, sensor-based versus time-based irrigation scheduling) do not account for the observed differences in plantlet mortality and morpho-physiological parameters.
“The plantlets in the E-VAS plants were irrigated automatically from the first week to the end of the experiment by a sensor-based scheduling method using the H400 soil moisture sensor and the electronic control system.”
“The plantlets in the TGAS were irrigated automatically every day from the first week to the end of the experiment by a time-based scheduling method using a digital irrigation timer (Model: HT1084, Ningbo Ecowis Plastic & Electric Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Very limited research has been conducted on the use of IoT-based automation at the plantlet acclimatization stage.
“However, very limited research work has been conducted into the use of this technology at the plantlet acclimatization stage where the mortality rate is considerably high.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The TGAS system is currently used by the industry for commercial production.
“the TGAS system that the industry currently uses for commercial production.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Claim of significantly higher root numbers conflicts with Table 2
MinorThe text claims significantly better root numbers in E-VAS at both six and twelve months. Table 2 assigns the E-VAS and TGAS root-number means the same significance letter at each age (b at six months and a at twelve months), indicating no significant difference between systems at either age.
“The interaction data of both factors indicated that plants acclimatized under the E-VAS environment performed significantly better after 6 and 12 months regarding plant height, rhizome size, root length, root number, leaf number, and total leaf area parameters compared to the same-aged plants under TGAS environment.”
“| TGAS × 6MOP | 21.02 ± 3.57 d | 12.60 ± 0.81 c | 7.96 ± 0.88 d | 1.80 ± 0.45 b | 2.60 ± 0.55 d | 36.89 ± 4.94 d |”
First-six-week maximum temperature setpoint is stated two ways
MinorThe results say both the minimum and maximum setpoints were 26.5 °C, whereas the methods specify a maximum of 27.5 °C for the same period.
“In the first six weeks of the study, the minimum and maximum temperature setpoints for the E-VAS and TGAS were both set at 26.5 °C.”
“Therefore, in the first six weeks, the minimum temperature and RH were set at 26.5 • C and 78%, respectively, while the maximum temperature and RH were set at 27.5 • C and 82%.”
Cites
IoT and agriculture data analysis for smart farm
Muangprathub, J., Boonnam, N., Kajornkasirat, S., Lekbangpong, N., Wanichsombat, A., & Nillaor, P. (2018) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2018.12.011 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
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Optimizing pulse treatments for enhanced in vitro rooting in coconut micropropagation
Indrachapa, M. T. N., Balasuriya, B. M. I. K., Jayarathna, S. P. N. C., et al. (2025) · Technology in Horticulture · doi:10.48130/tihort-0025-0019
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Mulyani, S., Cahyono, I., & Surya, B. (2026) · AQUATIC SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING · doi:10.26650/ase.2026.1883230
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Ariyati, R. W., Widowati, L. L., Nuari, N., et al. (2026) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1611/1/012003
Adaptation of Hydrangea L. regenerant plants to ex vitro conditions
Осіпов, М. Ю., & Поліщук, В. В. (2026) · Agrobìologìâ · doi:10.33245/2310-9270-2026-203-1-112-118
Ahmad, Z., Yadav, V., Shahzad, A., et al. (2026) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants15121921
Happy, K., Gang, R., Mudondo, J., Haniffadli, A., Ban, Y., Yang, S., Choi, K.-O., & Kang, Y. (2026) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant · doi:10.1007/s11627-026-10671-4
“%) further enhanced cost efficiency by minimizing losses during the critical transition from in vitro to ex vitro conditions (Mohammed et al .”
Saavedra-García, J. M., Hernández-Amasifuen, Á. D., Pineda-Lázaro, A. J., Delgado-Mera, E., Peláez-Rivera, J. L., ASCÓN-DIONICIO, G. U., Ríos-Ramírez, O., Flores, E. T., Sánchez, M. E. R., & Corazón-Guivin, M. A. (2026) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants15152327
Acclimatization of Micropropagated Woody Plants
Ruffoni, B., Savona, M., Mascarello, C., et al. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-28071-8_13
Sharma, S., Kumar, P., Warghat, A. R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s00344-026-12429-z
Enhancing Food Sustainability Using Cutting-Edge Artificial Intelligence-Based Technologies
Mohammed, M., Alqahtani, N. K., & Eltawil, M. A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-33565-4_8
Self-citation
- Authors
- Mohammed, M., Munir, M., & Ghazzawy, H. S.
- Affiliations
- King Faisal University (SA)
- Agricultural Research Center (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Mohammed, Maged
- Venue
- Agronomy
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-12-26
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 78
- ISSN
- 2073-4395 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4313246599
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Agronomy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (GRANT1150)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant tissue culture and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Date Palm Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control
- Keywords
- ex vitro acclimatization, date palm, tissue culture plantlets, plant mortality, planting material production
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