Cited by 30Animal health and immunologyAnimal Behavior and Welfare StudiesMicrobial infections and disease research

Automated Feeding Behaviors Associated with Subclinical Respiratory Disease in Preweaned Dairy Calves

Open access
Cramer, Catie, Proudfoot, Kathryn, Ollivett, Theresa·2020·Animals

Abstract

Little is known about feeding behaviors in young dairy calves with subclinical respiratory disease (SBRD). The objective of this study was to determine if calves with their first case of SBRD exhibit different feeding behaviors during the 7 d around detection, compared to calves with their first case of clinical BRD (CBRD) or without BRD (NOBRD). Preweaned, group-housed dairy calves (n = 103; 21 ± 6 d of age) underwent twice weekly health exams (lung ultrasound and clinical respiratory score; CRS); health exams were used to classify the BRD status for each calf: SBRD (no clinical signs and lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2; n = 73), CBRD (clinical signs and lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2; n = 18), or NOBRD (never had lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2 or CRS+; n = 12). Feeding behavior data (drinking speed, number of visits, and intake volume) were collected automatically. Calves with SBRD and calves with NOBRD had similar drinking speeds (782 vs. 844 mL/min). Calves with CBRD drank slower than both calves with SBRD (688 vs. 782 mL/min) and NOBRD (688 vs. 844 mL/min). There was no effect of BRD status on any other behavior. Feeding behavior was not an effective means of identifying calves with SBRD.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ani10060988

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Drinking rates of clinically BRD calves were similar to those without BRD or with subclinical BRD, indicating some normal calves might have recovered from a previous BRD episode.

    “Moreover, the drinking rates of clinically BRD calves were similar to those without BRD or with subclinical BRD, indicating some normal calves might have recovered from a previous BRD episode [99].”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [99]

    The Results report that calves with clinical BRD drank significantly slower than calves with subclinical BRD or no BRD, contrary to the claimed similarity in drinking rates. The Discussion does support the separate possibility that some calves classified as normal had recovered from BRD before enrollment. (LLM, conf=0.93)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Eating behavior due to pre-enrollment BRD was not sustained throughout the study period as no feeding behavior differences were observed post-diagnosis between BRD calves and controls.

    “Eating behavior due to pre-enrollment BRD was not sustained throughout the study period as no feeding behavior differences were observed post-diagnosis between BRD calves and controls.”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [99]

    The Discussion reports that Knauer et al. observed no feeding-behavior differences between calves with clinical BRD and controls after the day BRD was identified. It therefore considers it unlikely that effects of BRD before enrollment would persist, but it does not establish that those effects were not sustained in this study; calves were not enrolled until 21 days of age. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Potential selection bias existed in the study because only surviving calves older than 21 days were included.

    “Nevertheless, potential selection bias existed since only surviving calves older than 21 days were included [99].”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [99]

    The Discussion explicitly identifies potential selection bias because only calves that survived until 21 days of age were eligible for enrollment. The claim’s strict age cutoff is not supported: Materials and Methods reports enrollment at 21 ± 6 days of age, rather than only after 21 days. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • This "sickness behavior" correlates with a lower appetite and decreased drinking rates, leading to diminished daily gains.

    “This “sickness behavior” correlates with a lower appetite and decreased drinking rates, leading to diminished daily gains [91,99].”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [99]

    The Results report that calves with clinical respiratory disease drank more slowly than calves with subclinical disease or no disease, and the Discussion links slower drinking to possible sickness behavior. But the Results found no difference in milk intake between groups, and the paper does not establish that slower drinking led to diminished daily weight gains. Pages are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Calves with BRD often exhibit reduced activity, likely a strategy to conserve energy essential for an effective immune response.

    “Calves with BRD often exhibit reduced activity, likely a strategy to conserve energy essential for an effective immune response.”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [99]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) associates clinical BRD with lethargy and says sickness behaviors are thought to conserve energy for the febrile response to illness. It does not establish reduced activity across calves with BRD: the study measured feeding behavior, and the authors suggest calves with subclinical BRD may not exhibit those sickness behaviors. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 21

  1. [2]Holschbach C. Raabis S. Ollivett T. Effect of antibiotic treatment in preweaned Holstein calves after experimental bacterial challenge with Pasteurella multocida J. Dairy Sci. 2019 102 11359 11369 10.3168/jds.2019-16992 31548072 PMC7094633 · DOI
  2. [3]Sivula N.J. Ames T.R. Marsh W.E. Werdin R.E. Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves Prev. Vet. Med. 1996 27 155 171 10.1016/0167-5877(95)01000-9 · DOI · Paper page
  3. [4]Buczinski S. Ollivett T.L. Dendukuri N. Bayesian estimation of the accuracy of the calf respiratory scoring chart and ultrasonography for the diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves Prev. Vet. Med. 2015 119 227 231 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.018 25794838 · DOI · Paper page
  4. [7]Cramer M. Ollivett T. Growth of preweaned, group-housed dairy calves diagnosed with respiratory disease using clinical respiratory scoring and thoracic ultrasound—A cohort study J. Dairy Sci. 2019 102 4322 4331 10.3168/jds.2018-15420 30827549 · DOI · Paper page
  5. [8]Borderas T.F. Rushen J. von Keyserlingk M.A.G. de Passillé A.M.B. Automated measurement of changes in feeding behavior of milk-fed calves associated with illness J. Dairy Sci. 2009 92 4549 4554 10.3168/jds.2009-2109 19700717 · DOI
  6. [9]Knauer W.A. Godden S.M. Dietrich A. James R.E. The association between daily average feeding behaviors and morbidity in automatically fed group-housed preweaned dairy calves J. Dairy Sci. 2017 100 5642 5652 10.3168/jds.2016-12372 28478006 · DOI · Paper page
  7. [10]Svensson C. Jensen M.B. Identification of diseased calves by use of data from automatic milk feeders J. Dairy Sci. 2007 90 994 997 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71584-9 17235177 · DOI
  8. [11]McGuirk S.M. Peek S.F. Timely diagnosis of dairy calf respiratory disease using a standardized scoring system Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2014 15 145 147 10.1017/S1466252314000267 25410122 · DOI · Paper page
  9. [12]Buczinski S. Forté G. Francoz D. Bélanger A.-M. Comparison of thoracic auscultation, clinical score, and ultrasonography as indicators of bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2014 28 234 242 10.1111/jvim.12251 24236441 PMC4895545 · DOI · Paper page
  10. [13]Buczinski S. Forté G. Bélanger A.M. Ultrasonographic assessment of the thorax as a fast technique to assess pulmonary lesions in dairy calves with bovine respiratory disease J. Dairy Sci. 2013 96 4523 4528 10.3168/jds.2013-6577 23628251 · DOI · Paper page
  11. [14]Ollivett T.L. Caswell J.L. Nydam D.V. Duffield T. Leslie K.E. Hewson J. Kelton D. Thoracic Ultrasonography and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Analysis in H olstein Calves with Subclinical Lung Lesions J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2015 29 1728 1734 10.1111/jvim.13605 26332345 PMC4895683 · DOI · Paper page
  12. [15]McGuirk S.M. Disease management of dairy calves and heifers Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2008 24 139 153 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.003 18299036 PMC7135781 · DOI · Paper page
  13. [16]Cramer M. Proudfoot K. Ollivett T. Behavioral attitude scores associated with bovine respiratory disease identified using calf lung ultrasound and clinical respiratory scoring J. Dairy Sci. 2019 102 6540 6544 10.3168/jds.2018-15550 31056329 · DOI · Paper page
  14. [18]Wieland M. Nydam D. Virkler P. A longitudinal field study investigating the association between teat-end shape and two minute milk yield, milking unit-on time, and time in low flow rate Livest. Sci. 2017 205 88 97 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.09.011 · DOI
  15. [19]Souza A.H. Carvalho P.D. Rozner A.E. Vieira L.M. Hackbart K.S. Bender R.W. Dresch A.R. Verstegen J.P. Shaver R.D. Wiltbank M.C. Relationship between circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and superovulatory response of high-producing dairy cows J. Dairy Sci. 2015 98 169 178 10.3168/jds.2014-8182 25465542 PMC5963272 · DOI
  16. [20]Hart B.L. Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1988 12 123 137 10.1016/S0149-7634(88)80004-6 3050629 · DOI · Paper page
  17. [21]Johnston D. Kenny D.A. McGee M. Waters S.M. Kelly A.K. Earley B. Electronic feeding behavioural data as indicators of health status in dairy calves Ir. J. Agric. Food Res. 2016 55 159 168 10.1515/ijafr-2016-0016 · DOI
  18. [22]Jensen M.B. Computer-controlled milk feeding of group-housed calves: The effect of milk allowance and weaning type J. Dairy Sci. 2006 89 201 206 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72084-7 16357283 · DOI
  19. [25]Færevik G. Jensen M.B. Bøe K. The effect of group composition and age on social behavior and competition in groups of weaned dairy calves J. Dairy Sci. 2010 93 4274 4279 10.3168/jds.2010-3147 20723700 · DOI
  20. [26]Borderas T. De Passillé A. Rushen J. Behavior of dairy calves after a low dose of bacterial endotoxin J. Anim. Sci. 2008 86 2920 2927 10.2527/jas.2008-0926 18641175 · DOI · Paper page
  21. [28]Belaid M.A. Rodríguez-Prado M. Rodríguez-Prado D.V. Chevaux E. Calsamiglia S. Using behavior as an early predictor of sickness in veal calves J. Dairy. Sci. 2020 103 1874 1883 10.3168/jds.2019-16887 31521341 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Cramer, C., Proudfoot, K., & Ollivett, T.
Affiliations
  • Colorado State University (US)
  • University of Prince Edward Island (CA)
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author
Cramer, Catie
Venue
Animals
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-06-05
Volume
10
Issue
6
Pages
988
ISSN
2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3033610599
Cited by
30
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6
FWCI
4.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • IslandScholar (University of Prince Edward Island) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
ST Genetics, Navasota, TX (Agreement between STGenetics and UW-Madison)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
Keywords
preweaned dairy calves, feeding behavior, drinking behavior, lung consolidation, lung ultrasound, automated behavior monitoring, early detection of disease

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review