Automated Feeding Behaviors Associated with Subclinical Respiratory Disease in Preweaned Dairy Calves
Open accessAbstract
Little is known about feeding behaviors in young dairy calves with subclinical respiratory disease (SBRD). The objective of this study was to determine if calves with their first case of SBRD exhibit different feeding behaviors during the 7 d around detection, compared to calves with their first case of clinical BRD (CBRD) or without BRD (NOBRD). Preweaned, group-housed dairy calves (n = 103; 21 ± 6 d of age) underwent twice weekly health exams (lung ultrasound and clinical respiratory score; CRS); health exams were used to classify the BRD status for each calf: SBRD (no clinical signs and lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2; n = 73), CBRD (clinical signs and lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2; n = 18), or NOBRD (never had lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2 or CRS+; n = 12). Feeding behavior data (drinking speed, number of visits, and intake volume) were collected automatically. Calves with SBRD and calves with NOBRD had similar drinking speeds (782 vs. 844 mL/min). Calves with CBRD drank slower than both calves with SBRD (688 vs. 782 mL/min) and NOBRD (688 vs. 844 mL/min). There was no effect of BRD status on any other behavior. Feeding behavior was not an effective means of identifying calves with SBRD.
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Drinking rates of clinically BRD calves were similar to those without BRD or with subclinical BRD, indicating some normal calves might have recovered from a previous BRD episode.
“Moreover, the drinking rates of clinically BRD calves were similar to those without BRD or with subclinical BRD, indicating some normal calves might have recovered from a previous BRD episode [99].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [99]
The Results report that calves with clinical BRD drank significantly slower than calves with subclinical BRD or no BRD, contrary to the claimed similarity in drinking rates. The Discussion does support the separate possibility that some calves classified as normal had recovered from BRD before enrollment. (LLM, conf=0.93)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEating behavior due to pre-enrollment BRD was not sustained throughout the study period as no feeding behavior differences were observed post-diagnosis between BRD calves and controls.
“Eating behavior due to pre-enrollment BRD was not sustained throughout the study period as no feeding behavior differences were observed post-diagnosis between BRD calves and controls.”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [99]
The Discussion reports that Knauer et al. observed no feeding-behavior differences between calves with clinical BRD and controls after the day BRD was identified. It therefore considers it unlikely that effects of BRD before enrollment would persist, but it does not establish that those effects were not sustained in this study; calves were not enrolled until 21 days of age. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPotential selection bias existed in the study because only surviving calves older than 21 days were included.
“Nevertheless, potential selection bias existed since only surviving calves older than 21 days were included [99].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [99]
The Discussion explicitly identifies potential selection bias because only calves that survived until 21 days of age were eligible for enrollment. The claim’s strict age cutoff is not supported: Materials and Methods reports enrollment at 21 ± 6 days of age, rather than only after 21 days. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis "sickness behavior" correlates with a lower appetite and decreased drinking rates, leading to diminished daily gains.
“This “sickness behavior” correlates with a lower appetite and decreased drinking rates, leading to diminished daily gains [91,99].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [99]
The Results report that calves with clinical respiratory disease drank more slowly than calves with subclinical disease or no disease, and the Discussion links slower drinking to possible sickness behavior. But the Results found no difference in milk intake between groups, and the paper does not establish that slower drinking led to diminished daily weight gains. Pages are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCalves with BRD often exhibit reduced activity, likely a strategy to conserve energy essential for an effective immune response.
“Calves with BRD often exhibit reduced activity, likely a strategy to conserve energy essential for an effective immune response.”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [99]
The Discussion (page unavailable) associates clinical BRD with lethargy and says sickness behaviors are thought to conserve energy for the febrile response to illness. It does not establish reduced activity across calves with BRD: the study measured feeding behavior, and the authors suggest calves with subclinical BRD may not exhibit those sickness behaviors. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview
Kamel, M. S., Davidson, J. L., & Verma, M. S. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14040627 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“[191] 864 Recent studies have implemented bi-weekly calf health assessments to improve the evaluation methods used in behavioral research [87,89,93,99].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLindley, G., Blackie, N., Wathes, D. C., & Booth, R. E. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15030360 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cramer, C., Proudfoot, K., & Ollivett, T.
- Affiliations
- Colorado State University (US)
- University of Prince Edward Island (CA)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cramer, Catie
- Venue
- Animals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-06-05
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 988
- ISSN
- 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7341269
- OpenAlex
- W3033610599
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- IslandScholar (University of Prince Edward Island) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- ST Genetics, Navasota, TX (Agreement between STGenetics and UW-Madison)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Keywords
- preweaned dairy calves, feeding behavior, drinking behavior, lung consolidation, lung ultrasound, automated behavior monitoring, early detection of disease
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