CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 13

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Qualitative and Comprehensive Analysis of Caries Susceptibility for Dental Fluorosis Patients

Li, Qianrui, Shen, Jiaqi, Qin, Tao, Zhou, Ge, Li, Yifeng, Chen, Zhu, Li, Mingyun·2021·Antibiotics
DOI 10.3390/antibiotics10091047PMC PMC8464924
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Dental fluorosis (DF) is an endemic disease caused by excessive fluoride exposure during childhood. Previous studies mainly focused on the acid resistance of fluorotic enamel and failed to reach a consensus on the topic of the caries susceptibility of DF patients. In this review, we discuss the role of DF classification in assessing this susceptibility and follow the “four factors theory” in weighing the pros and cons of DF classification in terms of host factor (dental enamel and saliva), food factor, bacteria factor, and DF treatment factor. From our analysis, we find that susceptibility is possibly determined by various factors such as the extent of structural and chemical changes in fluorotic enamel, eating habits, fluoride levels in diets and in the oral cavity, changes in quantity and quality of saliva, and/or oral hygiene. Thus, a universal conclusion regarding caries susceptibility might not exist, instead depending on each individual’s situation.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/antibiotics10091047

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the de/remineralization process. The process of remineralization will yield fluoride-rich, carbonate-deficient enamel surfaces.
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the de/remineralization process. The process of remineralization will yield fluoride-rich, carbonate-deficient enamel surfaces.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Schematic diagram explaining how mastication influences salivary secretion.
Figure 2 Schematic diagram explaining how mastication influences salivary secretion.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 102

  1. Fejerskov, 1990, The nature and mechanisms of dental fluorosis in man, J. Dent. Res., 69, 692, 10.1177/00220345900690S135 · DOI
  2. Bronckers, 2009, The impact of fluoride on ameloblasts and the mechanisms of enamel fluorosis, J. Dent. Res., 88, 877, 10.1177/0022034509343280 · DOI
  3. Tenuta, 2010, Fluoride: Its role in dentistry, Braz. Oral Res., 24, 9, 10.1590/S1806-83242010000500003 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Marin, 2016, Higher Fluorosis Severity Makes Enamel Less Resistant to Demineralization, Caries Res., 50, 407, 10.1159/000447270 · DOI
  5. Do, 2009, Association between Dental Caries and Fluorosis among South Australian Children, Caries Res., 43, 366, 10.1159/000235580 · DOI
  6. Folayan, M.O., El Tantawi, M., Oginni, A.B., Alade, M., Adeniyi, A., and Finlayson, T.L. (2020). Malnutrition, enamel defects, and early childhood caries in preschool children in a sub-urban Nigeria population. PLoS ONE, 15. · DOI
  7. Fejerskov, 1977, Clinical and structural features and possible pathogenic mechanisms of dental fluorosis, Scand J. Dent. Res., 85, 510
  8. Zhang, 2018, Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles of Human Dental Fluorosis and Kashin-Beck Disease, Sci. Rep., 8, 170, 10.1038/s41598-017-18519-z · DOI
  9. Ruan, 2005, Dental fluorosis in primary teeth: A study in rural schoolchildren in Shaanxi Province, China, Int. J. Paediatr. Dent., 15, 412, 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2005.00667.x · DOI
  10. Warren, 2001, Prevalence of dental fluorosis in the primary dentition, J. Public Health Dent., 61, 87, 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2001.tb03371.x · DOI
  11. Jha, 2011, Fluoride in the Environment and Its Metabolism in Humans, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 211, 121
  12. McGrady, 2012, Evaluating the use of fluorescent imaging for the quantification of dental fluorosis, BMC Oral Health, 12, 1, 10.1186/1472-6831-12-47 · DOI
  13. Sapov, 1999, A laboratory assessment of enamel hypoplasia of teeth with varying severities of dental fluorosis, J. Oral Rehabil., 26, 672, 10.1046/j.1365-2842.1999.00415.x · DOI
  14. Buzalaf, 2011, Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control, Monogr. Oral Sci., 22, 97, 10.1159/000325151 · DOI
  15. Saldarriaga, 2021, Clinical changes in the severity of dental fluorosis: A longitudinal evaluation, BMC Oral Health, 21, 366, 10.1186/s12903-021-01729-3 · DOI
  16. McGrady, M.G., Ellwood, R.P., Srisilapanan, P., Korwanich, N., Worthington, H.V., and Pretty, I.A. (2012). Dental fluorosis in populations from Chiang Mai, Thailand with different fluoride exposures—Paper 1: Assessing fluorosis risk, predictors of fluorosis and the potential role of food preparation. BMC Oral Health, 12. · DOI
  17. Askar, 2021, Detecting white spot lesions on dental photography using deep learning: A pilot study, J. Dent., 107, 103615, 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103615 · DOI
  18. Richards, 1989, Enamel fluoride in relation to severity of human dental fluorosis, Adv. Dent. Res., 3, 147, 10.1177/08959374890030021301 · DOI
  19. Shone, 2016, Relationship between enamel fluorosis severity and fluoride content, J. Dent., 46, 42, 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.01.007 · DOI
  20. Retief, 1979, Relationships among fluoride concentration in enamel, degree of fluorosis and caries incidence in a community residing in a high fluoride area, J. Oral Pathol. Med., 8, 224, 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1979.tb01889.x · DOI
  21. Brudevold, 1978, Dental fluorosis as related to concentration of fluoride in teeth and bone, J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 96, 459, 10.14219/jada.archive.1978.0097 · DOI
  22. Richards, 1992, Fluoride Concentrations in Unerupted Fluorotic Human Enamel, Caries Res., 26, 328, 10.1159/000261463 · DOI
  23. Vieira, 2006, Fluoride’s effect on human dentin ultrasound velocity (elastic modulus) and tubule size, Eur. J. Oral Sci., 114, 83, 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00267.x · DOI
  24. Pramanik, 2017, The genetic influence in fluorosis, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 56, 157, 10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.008 · DOI
  25. Richards, 1994, Proton probe and acid etching for determining fluoride profiles in porous porcine enamel, J. Dent. Res., 73, 644, 10.1177/00220345940730031001 · DOI
  26. Larsen, 1978, Structural studies on calcium fluoride formation and uptake of fluoride in surface enamel in vitro, Scand. J. Dent. Res., 86, 337
  27. Fejerskov, 1994, Dental tissue effects of fluoride, Adv. Dent. Res., 8, 15, 10.1177/08959374940080010601 · DOI
  28. Featherstone, 1999, Prevention and reversal of dental caries: Role of low level fluoride, Community Dent. Oral, 27, 31, 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1999.tb01989.x · DOI
  29. Hellwig, 2004, Systemic versus topical fluoride, Caries Res., 38, 258, 10.1159/000077764 · DOI
  30. Arends, 1990, Nature and role of loosely bound fluoride in dental caries, J. Dent. Res., 69, 601, 10.1177/00220345900690S118 · DOI
  31. Ogaard, 1988, Microradiographic study of demineralization of shark enamel in a human caries model, Scand. J. Dent. Res., 96, 209
  32. Alhawij, 2015, Relative fluoride response of caries lesions created in fluorotic and sound teeth studied under remineralizing conditions, J. Dent., 43, 103, 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.10.014 · DOI
  33. Fan, 2014, The micromechanical and tribological feature of mild mottled enamel, J. Mech. Med. Biol., 14, 1450050, 10.1142/S021951941450050X · DOI
  34. Suma, 2008, Progression of Artificial Caries in Fluorotic and Nonfluorotic Enamel. An in vitro Study, J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent., 33, 127, 10.17796/jcpd.33.2.y5837p7227x62813 · DOI
  35. Duarte, 2021, Is there an association between dental caries, fluorosis, and molar-incisor hypomineralization?, J. Appl. oral Sci. Rev. FOB, 29, e20200890, 10.1590/1678-7757-2020-0890 · DOI
  36. Fejerskov, 1975, Histological features of fluorosed human dental enamel, Caries Res., 9, 190, 10.1159/000260157 · DOI
  37. Gal, 1979, Hypomineralization and increased porosity in dental fluorosis, Nutr. Rev., 37, 348
  38. Thylstrup, 1978, Clinical appearance of dental fluorosis in permanent teeth in relation to histologic changes, Community Dent. Oral, 6, 315, 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1978.tb01173.x · DOI
  39. Hu, 2021, Surface properties and Streptococcus mutans—Streptococcus sanguinis adhesion of fluorotic enamel, Arch. Oral Biol., 121, 104970, 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104970 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Fejerskov, 1991, Posteruptive changes in human dental fluorosis—A histological and ultrastructural study, Proc. Finn. Dent. Soc. Suom. Hammaslaak. Toim., 87, 607
  41. Groeneveld, 1990, Fluoride in caries prevention: Is the effect pre- or post-eruptive?, J. Dent. Res., 69, 751, 10.1177/00220345900690S145 · DOI
  42. Shinoda, 1978, Scanning electron microscopical study on fluorosis of enamel in rats, Calcif. Tissue Res., 25, 75, 10.1007/BF02010754 · DOI
  43. Wright, 1996, Protein characterization of fluorosed human enamel, J. Dent. Res., 75, 1936, 10.1177/00220345960750120401 · DOI
  44. Giambro, 1995, Characterization of fluorosed human enamel by color reflectance, ultrastructure, and elemental composition, Caries Res., 29, 251, 10.1159/000262077 · DOI
  45. Mangum, 2010, Surface Integrity Governs the Proteome of Hypomineralized Enamel, J. Dent. Res., 89, 1160, 10.1177/0022034510375824 · DOI
  46. Robinson, 2004, The effect of fluoride on the developing tooth, Caries Res., 38, 268, 10.1159/000077766 · DOI
  47. Kis, 2021, Magnesium incorporation into primary dental enamel and its effect on mechanical properties, Acta Biomater., 120, 104, 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.035 · DOI
  48. Gordon, 2015, Mapping residual organics and carbonate at grain boundaries and the amorphous interphase in mouse incisor enamel, Front. Physiol., 6, 57, 10.3389/fphys.2015.00057 · DOI
  49. Featherstone, 1981, An electron-microscope study of modifications to defect regions in dental enamel and synthetic apatites, Caries Res., 15, 278, 10.1159/000260527 · DOI
  50. Terrones, 2012, Analysis of the molecular structure of human enamel with fluorosis using micro-Raman spectroscopy, J. Oral Sci., 54, 93, 10.2334/josnusd.54.93 · DOI
  51. Leverett, 1993, Caries risk assessment by a cross-sectional discrimination model, J. Dent. Res., 72, 529, 10.1177/00220345930720021001 · DOI
  52. Yao, 1970, Fluoride concentration in duct saliva and whole saliva, Caries Res., 4, 321, 10.1159/000259654 · DOI
  53. Machiulskiene, 2009, Prevalence and extent of dental caries, dental fluorosis, and developmental enamel defects in Lithuanian teenage populations with different fluoride exposures, Eur. J. Oral Sci., 117, 154, 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00600.x · DOI
  54. Boros, 1984, Effect of F- on major salivary-glands—The amylase activity, stimulated salivary flow response and cAMP levels in parotid-gland of rats consuming F- via drinking water, Fluoride, 17, 217
  55. Nicolau, 2001, A study of some parameters in stimulated saliva from adolescents with dental fluorosis, J. Oral Sci., 43, 225, 10.2334/josnusd.43.225 · DOI
  56. Guzel, 2017, Effect of fluoride on salivary immunoglobulins and sialic acid, Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras., 63, 320, 10.1590/1806-9282.63.04.320 · DOI
  57. Edgar, 1992, Saliva—Its secretion, composition and functions, Br. Dent. J., 172, 305, 10.1038/sj.bdj.4807861 · DOI
  58. Bardow, 2000, The buffer capacity and buffer systems of human whole saliva measured without loss of CO2, Arch. Oral Biol., 45, 1, 10.1016/S0003-9969(99)00119-3 · DOI
  59. Hector, 1987, The possible role of periodontal mechanoreceptors in the control of parotid secretion in man, Q. J. Exp. Physiol. Cogn. Med. Sci., 72, 285, 10.1113/expphysiol.1987.sp003075 · DOI
  60. Lund, 1991, Mastication and its control by the brain stem. Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine, Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Oral Biol., 2, 33
  61. Aoba, 2002, Dental fluorosis: Chemistry and biology, Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med., 13, 155, 10.1177/154411130201300206 · DOI
  62. Flueck, 2013, Severe dental fluorosis in juvenile deer linked to a recent volcanic eruption in Patagonia, J. Wildl. Dis., 49, 355, 10.7589/2012-11-272 · DOI
  63. Sheetal, 2013, Malnutrition and its oral outcome—A review, J. Clin. Diagn. Res. JCDR, 7, 178
  64. Browne, 2011, The aesthetic impact of enamel fluorosis on Irish adolescents, Community Dent. Oral, 39, 127, 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00577.x · DOI
  65. Lagerlof, 1994, Caries-protective factors in saliva, Adv. Dent. Res., 8, 229, 10.1177/08959374940080021601 · DOI
  66. Pedersen, 2018, Salivary functions in mastication, taste and textural perception, swallowing and initial digestion, Oral Dis., 24, 1399, 10.1111/odi.12867 · DOI
  67. Scott, 1987, A quantitative study of histological-changes in the human-parotid gland occurring with adult age, J. Oral Pathol. Med., 16, 505, 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1987.tb00681.x · DOI
  68. Affoo, 2015, Meta-Analysis of Salivary Flow Rates in Young and Older Adults, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 63, 2142, 10.1111/jgs.13652 · DOI · Paper page
  69. Yeh, 1998, Impact of aging on human salivary gland function: A community-based study, Aging-Clin. Exp. Res., 10, 421, 10.1007/BF03339889 · DOI
  70. Xu, 2019, Aging-related changes in quantity and quality of saliva: Where do we stand in our understanding?, J. Texture Stud., 50, 27, 10.1111/jtxs.12356 · DOI
  71. Nassar, 2014, Age-related changes in salivary biomarkers, J. Dent. Sci., 9, 85, 10.1016/j.jds.2013.11.002 · DOI
  72. Nagler, 2005, Relationships between age, drugs, oral sensorial complaints and salivary profile, Arch. Oral Biol., 50, 7, 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.07.012 · DOI
  73. Hicks, 2008, Maintaining the integrity of the enamel surface—The role of dental biofilm, saliva and preventive agents in enamel demineralization and remineralization, J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 139, 25S
  74. Solomon, 2019, Biochemical Assesment of Salivary Parameters in Young Patients with Dental Lesions, Rev. De Chim., 70, 4095, 10.37358/RC.19.11.7709 · DOI
  75. Nagler, 2004, Salivary glands and the aging process: Mechanistic aspects, health-status and medicinal-efficacy monitoring, Biogerontology, 5, 223, 10.1023/B:BGEN.0000038023.36727.50 · DOI
  76. Levine, 1978, Specificity of salivary-bacterial interactions—Role of terminal sialic-acid residues in interaction of salivary glycoproteins with Streptococcus-sanguis and Streptococcus-mutans, Infect. Immun., 19, 107, 10.1128/iai.19.1.107-115.1978 · DOI
  77. Nicolae, 2016, The Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Biomarkers (Calcium, Phosphate, Salivary pH) in Cario-resistance Versus Cario-activity, Rev. De Chim., 67, 821
  78. Chaudhury, 2016, Reduced Mucin-7 (Muc7) Sialylation and Altered Saliva Rheology in Sjogren’s Syndrome Associated Oral Dryness, Mol. Cell. Proteom., 15, 1048, 10.1074/mcp.M115.052993 · DOI
  79. Gao, 2016, Salivary biomarkers for dental caries, Periodontology, 70, 128, 10.1111/prd.12100 · DOI
  80. Dodds, 2005, Health benefits of saliva: A review, J. Dent., 33, 223, 10.1016/j.jdent.2004.10.009 · DOI · Paper page
  81. Farooqi, 2007, Toxic fluoride and arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Lahore and Kasur districts, Punjab, Pakistan and possible contaminant sources, Environ. Pollut., 145, 839, 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.007 · DOI
  82. Cao, 1996, Fluorine intake of a Tibetan population, Food Chem. Toxicol., 34, 755, 10.1016/0278-6915(96)00041-5 · DOI
  83. Dai, 2007, The sources, pathway, and preventive measures for fluorosis in Zhijin County, Guizhou, China, Appl. Geochem., 22, 1017, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.02.011 · DOI
  84. Finkelman, 1999, Health impacts of domestic coal use in China, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 3427, 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427 · DOI
  85. Lima, 2019, Fluoride Increase in Saliva and Dental Biofilm due to a Meal Prepared with Fluoridated Water or Salt: A Crossover Clinical Study, Caries Res., 53, 41, 10.1159/000489132 · DOI
  86. Hedman, 2006, Fluoride concentration in saliva after consumption of a dinner meal prepared with fluoridated salt, Caries Res., 40, 158, 10.1159/000091064 · DOI
  87. Oliveby, 1989, Studies on fluoride excretion in human whole saliva and its relation to flow-rate and plasma fluoride level, Caries Res., 23, 243, 10.1159/000261185 · DOI
  88. Li, 2015, The daily fluorine and arsenic intake for residents with different dietaries and fluorosis risk in coal-burning fluorosis area, Yunnan, Southwest China, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, 2031, 10.1007/s11356-014-3485-4 · DOI
  89. Oliveby, 1987, Effect of salivary flow-rate on salivary fluoride clearance after use of a fluoride-containing chewing gum, Caries Res., 21, 393, 10.1159/000261045 · DOI
  90. Min, 2018, Investigation on the Gradient Nanomechanical Behavior of Dental Fluorosis Enamel, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 13, 1, 10.1186/s11671-018-2768-y · DOI
  91. Biazevic, 2005, Relationship between dental fluorosis and quality of life: A population based study, Braz. Oral Res., 19, 150, 10.1590/S1806-83242005000200014 · DOI
  92. Wang, 2021, Structural changes in the oral microbiome of the adolescent patients with moderate or severe dental fluorosis, Sci. Rep., 11, 1
  93. 2004, Fluorides in caries prevention and control: Empiricism or science, Caries Res., 38, 254, 10.1159/000077763 · DOI
  94. Pal, 2014, Characterization of fluoride-tolerant halophilic Bacillus flexus NM25 (HQ875778) isolated from fluoride-affected soil in Birbhum District, West Bengal, India, Environ. Monit. Assess., 186, 699, 10.1007/s10661-013-3408-8 · DOI · Paper page
  95. Eisenberg, 1991, Associations of microbiological factors and plaque index with caries prevalence and water fluoridation status, Oral Microbiol. Immunol., 6, 139, 10.1111/j.1399-302X.1991.tb00468.x · DOI
  96. Liao, 2017, Fluoride resistance in Streptococcus mutans: A mini review, J. Oral Microbiol., 9, 1344509, 10.1080/20002297.2017.1344509 · DOI
  97. Khandelwal, V., Nayak, U.A., Nayak, P.A., and Ninawe, N. (2013). Aesthetic management of dental fluorosis. BMJ Case Rep., 2013. · DOI
  98. Zotti, 2021, Resin Infiltration in Dental Fluorosis Treatment-1-Year Follow-Up, Med.-Lith., 57, 22
  99. Taraboanta, 2020, Roughness variation of a nanohybrid composite resin submitted to acid and abrasive challenges, Int. J. Med. Dent., 24, 182
  100. Ilyinichna, 2017, Change in the Mineral Composition of Mixed Saliva in Patients with Fluorosis, after Applying the Complex of Therapeutic and Prophylactic Measures, Asian J. Pharm., 11, S930
  101. Kebede, A., Retta, N., Abuye, C., Whiting, S.J., Kassaw, M., Zeru, T., Tessema, M., and Kjellevold, M. (2016). Dietary Fluoride Intake and Associated Skeletal and Dental Fluorosis in School Age Children in Rural Ethiopian Rift Valley. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13. · DOI · Paper page
  102. Almeida, 2019, Fluoride Dentifrice Overcomes the Lower Resistance of Fluorotic Enamel to Demineralization, Caries Res., 53, 567, 10.1159/000499668 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 13

Metadata

Authors
Li, Q., Shen, J., Qin, T., Zhou, G., Li, Y., Chen, Z., & Li, M.
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
ORCID
Venue
Antibiotics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-08-27
Volume
10
Issue
9
Pages
1047
ISSN
2079-6382
DOI
10.3390/antibiotics10091047
PMC
PMC8464924
Cited by
13
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program (2021YFH0188)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (81400501)
  • Guiyang Science Plan Project (2018]1-59)
  • Science and Technology Fund of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission (gzwkj2021-341)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A Qualitative and Comprehensive Analysis of Caries Susceptibility for Dental Fluorosis Patients. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/antibiotics10091047
The paper
Li, Q., Shen, J., Qin, T., Zhou, G., Li, Y., Chen, Z., & Li, M. (2021). A Qualitative and Comprehensive Analysis of Caries Susceptibility for Dental Fluorosis Patients. Antibiotics. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091047