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Cited by 50Advanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsSulfur Compounds in BiologyGlutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms

In Vivo Brain GSH: MRS Methods and Clinical Applications

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Bottino, Francesca, Lucignani, Martina, Napolitano, Antonio, Dellepiane, Francesco, Visconti, Emiliano, Rossi Espagnet, Maria Camilla, Pasquini, Luca·2021·Antioxidants
DOI 10.3390/antiox10091407PMC PMC8468877
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Abstract

Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant implicated in several physiological functions, including the oxidation−reduction reaction balance and brain antioxidant defense against endogenous and exogenous toxic agents. Altered brain GSH levels may reflect inflammatory processes associated with several neurologic disorders. An accurate and reliable estimation of cerebral GSH concentrations could give a clear and thorough understanding of its metabolism within the brain, thus providing a valuable benchmark for clinical applications. In this context, we aimed to provide an overview of the different magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technologies introduced for in vivo human brain GSH quantification both in healthy control (HC) volunteers and in subjects affected by different neurological disorders (e.g., brain tumors, and psychiatric and degenerative disorders). Additionally, we aimed to provide an exhaustive list of normal GSH concentrations within different brain areas. The definition of standard reference values for different brain areas could lead to a better interpretation of the altered GSH levels recorded in subjects with neurological disorders, with insights into the possible role of GSH as a biomarker and therapeutic target.

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  • For some diseases and some brain regions, a loss in the overall content of GSH has been found by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

    “For some diseases and some brain regions, a loss in the overall content of GSH has been found by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) (Bottino et al. 2021; Rae and Williams 2017).”

    From Glutathione Metabolism of the Brain—The Role of Astrocytes (2025) · cites this paper as Bottino et al. 2021

  • Contradictory results reported by different groups make an evaluation of the literature on alterations in brain GSH levels in human diseases difficult.

    “However, contradictory results reported by different groups, which may arise in part due to methodological differences, make an evaluation of the literature on alterations in brain GSH levels in human diseases difficult (Bottino et al. 2021; Detcheverry et al. 2023; Rae and Williams 2017).”

    From Glutathione Metabolism of the Brain—The Role of Astrocytes (2025) · cites this paper as Bottino et al. 2021

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Sorted by citations

Authors
Bottino, F., Lucignani, M., Napolitano, A., Dellepiane, F., Visconti, E., Rossi Espagnet, M. C., & Pasquini, L.
Affiliations
  • Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IT)
  • Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea (IT)
  • Ospedale “M. Bufalini” di Cesena (IT)
  • Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy
  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
Corresponding author
Napolitano, Antonio
ORCID
Venue
Antioxidants
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-09-01
Volume
10
Issue
9
Pages
1407
ISSN
2076-3921 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/antiox10091407
PMC
PMC8468877
OpenAlex
W3196742509
Cited by
50
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 2
FWCI
1.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Antioxidants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (P30CA008748)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
Keywords
glutathione, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, mental illness, reference values, biomarkers, glutathione metabolism

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