Mechanisms of ferroptosis
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Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death that can be triggered by small molecules or conditions that inhibit glutathione biosynthesis or the glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This lethal process is defined by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species and depletion of plasma membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cancer cells with high level RAS-RAF-MEK pathway activity or p53 expression may be sensitized to this process. Conversely, a number of small molecule inhibitors of ferroptosis have been identified, including ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1, which can block pathological cell death events in brain, kidney and other tissues. Recent work has identified a number of genes required for ferroptosis, including those involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism. Outstanding questions include the relationship between ferroptosis and other forms of cell death, and whether activation or inhibition of ferroptosis can be exploited to achieve desirable therapeutic ends.
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Cells are desensitized to ferroptosis through genetic silencing of iron uptake (TfR1), metabolism (IRP2 and ISCU) and storage (ferritin) genes, or through depletion of transferrin in the extracellular environment.
“Cells are also desensitized to ferroptosis through genetic silencing of iron uptake (TfR1), metabolism (IRP2 and ISCU) and storage (ferritin) genes [62], [66], [82], or through depletion of transferrin in the extracellular environment [83].”
From Iron accumulation in senescent cells is coupled with impaired ferritinophagy and inhibition of ferroptosis (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
RSL3 induces ferroptosis through direct inhibition of GPX4 without dependence upon system Xc- inhibition or glutathione depletion.
“which in contrast to erastin induces ferroptosis through direct inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) without dependance upon system Xc- inhibition or glutathione depletion [82].”
From Iron accumulation in senescent cells is coupled with impaired ferritinophagy and inhibition of ferroptosis (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
Ferroptosis can be initiated through repression of SLC7A11, resulting in iron-dependent accumulation of ROS and glutathione depletion.
“Distinctly, ferroptosis can be initiated through repression of the p53 target, SLC7A11, which encodes a component of the cysteine/glutamate antiporter (system Xc-), resulting in iron-dependent accumulation of ROS and glutathione (antioxidant) depletion [62], [82].”
From Iron accumulation in senescent cells is coupled with impaired ferritinophagy and inhibition of ferroptosis (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
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- Authors
- Cao, J. Y., & Dixon, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dixon, Scott J.
- Venue
- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
- Published
- 2016-04-05
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 11-12
- Pages
- 2195-2209
- ISSN
- 1420-682X (ISSN-L)
- 1420-9071
- PMC
- PMC4887533
- OpenAlex
- W2327686392
- Cited by
- 1,515
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 174 · 2024: 216 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 271 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 11.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R00CA166517)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Keywords
- ferroptosis, non-apoptotic cell death, GPX4, glutathione synthesis, lipid reactive oxygen species, polyunsaturated fatty acids, ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, RAS/RAF/MEK pathway, p53, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, ferroptosis inhibitors, cancer therapy
- MeSH terms
- Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase, Cell Membrane, Cyclohexylamines, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase, Iron, Neoplasms, Phenylenediamines, Quinoxalines, Spiro Compounds, Cell Death, Reactive Oxygen Species
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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