Investigating the metabolic changes due to visual stimulation using functional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 T
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Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) has been used to demonstrate metabolic changes in the visual cortex on visual stimulation. Small (2% to 11%) but significant stimulation induced increases in lactate, glutamate, and glutathione were observed along with decreases in aspartate, glutamine, and glycine, using (1)H-MRS at 7 T during single and repeated visual stimulation. In addition, decreases in glucose and increases in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were seen but did not reach significance. Changes in glutamate and aspartate are indicative of increased activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle, which taken together with the opposite changes in glucose and lactate, reflect the expected increase in brain energy metabolism. These results are in agreement with those of Mangia et al. In addition, increases in glutamate and GABA coupled with the decrease in glutamine can be interpreted in terms of increased activity of the neurotransmitter cycles. An entirely new observation is the increase of glutathione during prolonged visual stimuli. The similarity of its time course to that of glutamate suggests that it may be a response to the increased release of glutamate or to the increased production of reactive oxygen species. Together, these observations constitute the most detailed analysis to date of functional changes in human brain metabolites.
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The increase in glutamate (and decrease in aspartate) concentration reflects an increase in the rate of MAS, with accumulation of glutamate at the cytosolic side and reduction of aspartate at the mitochondrial side.
“In agreement with existing literature (Hertz and Chen, 2017a; Hertz and Rothman, 2017b; Lin et al., 2012; Mangia et al., 2012; Mangia et al., 2007a), we interpret the increase in glutamate (and decrease in aspartate) concentration as reflecting an increase in the rate of MAS, with accumulation of glutamate at the cytosolic side and reduction of aspartate at the mitochondrial side.”
From Perception is associated with the brain’s metabolic response to sensory stimulation (2022) · cites this paper as Lin et al., 2012
The Stimulation-Induced Changes in Brain Energy Metabolism section reports increased glutamate and decreased aspartate during visual stimulation and interprets them as consistent with increased malate-aspartate shuttle activity. It locates the glutamate–aspartate antiporter in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but does not establish glutamate accumulation specifically on the cytosolic side or aspartate reduction specifically on the mitochondrial side. No page number is available for that passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor fMRS results, statistical analysis was restricted to those reliably quantified metabolites associated with energy metabolism that showed consistent functional changes in previous fMRS studies, namely Lac, Glu, and Asp.
“For fMRS results, statistical analysis was restricted to those reliably quantified metabolites associated with energy metabolism that showed consistent functional changes in previous fMRS studies (Bednařík et al., 2015; Bednařík et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2012), namely Lac, Glu, and Asp.”
From Perception is associated with the brain’s metabolic response to sensory stimulation (2022) · cites this paper as Lin et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Lin, Y., Stephenson, M. C., Xin, L., Napolitano, A., & Morris, P. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Morris, Peter G
- Venue
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-03-21
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1484-1495
- ISSN
- 0271-678X (ISSN-L)
- 1559-7016
- PMC
- PMC3421086
- OpenAlex
- W1994107636
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 8.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- visual stimulation, visual cortex, brain energy metabolism, glutamate, aspartic acid, malate-aspartate shuttle, lactate, glutathione, GABA, glutamine, glucose, reactive oxygen species
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Photic Stimulation, Protons, Time Factors, Visual Cortex, Neurotransmitter Agents
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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