The DOI matches its Crossref record; 291 of the 293 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives
Open accessAbstract
Silymarin (SM), an extract from the Silybum marianum (milk thistle) plant containing various flavonolignans (with silybin being the major one), has received a tremendous amount of attention over the last decade as a herbal remedy for liver treatment. In many cases, the antioxidant properties of SM are considered to be responsible for its protective actions. Possible antioxidant mechanisms of SM are evaluated in this review. (1) Direct scavenging free radicals and chelating free Fe and Cu are mainly effective in the gut. (2) Preventing free radical formation by inhibiting specific ROS-producing enzymes, or improving an integrity of mitochondria in stress conditions, are of great importance. (3) Maintaining an optimal redox balance in the cell by activating a range of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants, mainly via Nrf2 activation is probably the main driving force of antioxidant (AO) action of SM. (4) Decreasing inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB pathways is an emerging mechanism of SM protective effects in liver toxicity and various liver diseases. (5) Activating vitagenes, responsible for synthesis of protective molecules, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), thioredoxin and sirtuins and providing additional protection in stress conditions deserves more attention. (6) Affecting the microenvironment of the gut, including SM-bacteria interactions, awaits future investigations. (7) In animal nutrition and disease prevention strategy, SM alone, or in combination with other hepatho-active compounds (carnitine, betaine, vitamin B12, etc.), might have similar hepatoprotective effects as described in human nutrition.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Pre–clinical and clinical studies have shown anti-oxidant properties of silibinin [45].”
From Intervention by picroside II on FFAs induced lipid accumulation and lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
4 retracted
Prabu, S. M., & Muthumani, M. (2012) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-012-2029-6 · Cited by 141
RetractedAgarwal, C., Tyagi, A., Kaur, M., & Agarwal, R. (2007) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgm042 · Cited by 128
RetractedSalama, S. M., Abdulla, M. A., AlRashdi, A. S., & Hadi, A. H. A. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/157456 · Cited by 42
RetractedKadir, F. A., Kassim, N. M., Abdulla, M. A., Kamalıdehghan, B., Ahmadipour, F., & Yehye, W. A. (2014) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2014/301879 · Cited by 33
RetractedThe NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology
Bedard, K., & Krause, K.-H. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00044.2005 · Cited by 6,989
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Lin, M. T., & Beal, M. F. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05292 · Cited by 6,455
Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity
Ma, Q. (2013) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140320 · Cited by 4,903
The Nrf2 regulatory network provides an interface between redox and intermediary metabolism
Hayes, J. D., & Dinkova‐Kostova, A. T. (2014) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2014.02.002 · Cited by 2,210
The thioredoxin antioxidant system
Lu, J., & Holmgren, A. (2014) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.036 · Cited by 2,055
Regulation of NF-κB by TNF family cytokines
Hayden, M. S., & Ghosh, S. (2014) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.004 · Cited by 1,167
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 293 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Fotina, 2013, Recent developments in usage of natural antioxidants to improve chicken meat production and quality, Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19, 889
- Diaz, D. (2005). The Mycotoxin Blue Book, Nottingham University Press.
- Kumar, 2013, Antcin C from Antrodia cinnamomea Protects Liver Cells Against Free Radical-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis In Vitro and In Vivo through Nrf2-Dependent Mechanism, Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2013, 296082
- Surai, 2004, Antioxidant-prooxidant balance in the intestine: Food for thought. 2. Antioxidants, Curr. Top. Nutraceutical. Res., 2, 27
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–738 of 738
Biological applications and future perspectives of bioactive compounds as pig feed additives
杨, H. 豪. Y., Qian, Y., Liu, D., Li, F., Zhou, H., Jin, M.-J., Li, C., Liu, T., & Wang, D. (2026) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2025.11.014
Maiuthed, A., Sandech, N., Yang, C., Krobthong, S., Rukthong, P., Sripha, K., Imaram, W., & Aonsri, C. (2026) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d6md00226a
Industry Insights: Flavonoids in the Pharmaceutical Pipeline
Kumar, V., Sharma, S., Preeti, Wadhwa, P. K., & Kalra, R. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-8165-8_17
Randisi, F., Modoni, G., Riva, M., Perletti, G., Odorico, D., Marras, E., & Gariboldi, M. B. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27104605 · Cited by 1
Csernus, B., Babinszky, L., & Czeglédi, L. (2026) · Agricultural sciences. · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1015104
Upreti, D., Kumar, B., Khan, M. H., Chouhan, V., Sharma, R., Vadera, V., Lakhanpal, D., Mahala, P., Punetha, M., Dwivedi, S., et al. (2026) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2026.118023
Shaktai, S. R. M., Banan, A., Johari, S. A., Keyvanshokooh, S., & Taee, H. M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-42377-3
Efficacy and Mechanism of Silymarin Extract for Deep Second-Degree Burns in Rats
(166886), X. Z., Yuan, Y., Wang, Z.-Q., Wang, Z.-H., (40516), C. W., Liu, J.-P., & Wei, H. (2026) · Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11655-026-3854-0
Kadhim, H. A. (2026) · International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Technology. · doi:10.38124/ijsrmt.v5i6.1485
Shehata, A. I., Fahmy, M. T. A. M., Sallam, G. R., Elmaghraby, A. M., Abaza, I. M., Saad, A. H., Gewaily, M. S., & Basuini, M. F. E. (2026) · Veterinary Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s11259-026-11319-9
Albuhaydar, A. R. (2026) · International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Technology. · doi:10.38124/ijsrmt.v5i6.1507
Kafrouny, N., Qiblawi, I., Kurdi, R. E., & Patra, D. (2026) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.6c01460
Tariq, A., Mustafa, M., Arshad, B., Wahab, A., Nawaz, A., Abdullah, M., Din, S. U., & Khan, N. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10086247/v1
Stavrakeva, K., Apostolova, E., Kokova, V., Dimov, I., Choneva, M., Delev, D. P., Kostadinov, I., Bivolarski, I., Koleva, M., Mladenov, R. D., et al. (2026) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb48070646
Pokorná, B., Stefancova, S., Ivanić, H., Petrovová, E., & Luptáková, L. (2026) · Folia veterinaria · doi:10.2478/fv-2026-0020
A multi-targeting approach to phytotherapy of liver diseases
Te, P. (2026) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/ms2026-162
Mohammadi, D., Aghayan, A. H., Mohammadi, D., & Jamalpoor, Z. (2026) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-026-16526-w
Parage, V. V., Kulkarni, R. C., Dongre, V. B., Chavhan, S. G., Raziuddin, M., & Gadegaonkar, G. M. (2026) · Tropical Animal Health and Production · doi:10.1007/s11250-026-05220-5
The impact of phytochemicals on statin efficacy and safety: A review
Vatankhah, P., Alamdari-Palangi, V., Kian, M., Hosseinpour-Soleimani, F., Savardshtaki, A., Tajbakhsh, A., & Hashempur, M. H. (2026) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.179129
Şebin, S. Ö., Gulakar, B., Tanyeli̇, A., Güler, M. C., Erbaş, E., Bayır, Y., Yurdgülü, E. E., Çomaklı, S., & Erdemci, Ö. (2026) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.71030
Song, S. M., Wang, Y., Atwood, L., Shah, N. R., & Jarral, R. A. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18152424
Silydianin Improves the Preservation of Cooled Boar Semen
Zapata, K. V., Rojas, M., Rojano, B. A., & Betancur, G. R. (2026) · Reproduction in Domestic Animals · doi:10.1111/rda.70301
Khoury, J., Dada, M. L. E., Hellany, H., Albahri, G., Abdallah, R., Hage, R. I., Bechelany, M., & Baydoun, E. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19081220
Quantitative sustainability assessment of bioactive ingredients lipophilization
Ruiz, F. J., Nieto, S., Nuño, M., Villa, R., & Lozano, P. (2026) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.149313
Anti-inflammatory Effects of Citrus Flavonoids
Sun, C., Shan, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, M., Yang, H., & Yu, Y. (2026) · Advanced topics in science and technology in China · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-1407-5_7
Dietary supplements in integrative oncology
Alschuler, L. N. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1866767
Park, Y.-J. (2026) · The Korean Journal of Community Living Science · doi:10.7856/kjcls.2026.37.3.411
Wu, Y., Yang, L., He, Z., Wang, M., Zhou, X., He, J., & Hu, M. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16193005
Rafi, R. H., Haque, A., Tawfiq, M. J., Barai, C., Khan, R. I., Faruqe, M. O., Shoily, M. S. A., & Al-Bari, M. A. A. (2026) · International Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1155/ijm/5624539
Kim, H., Yoo, J., Kim, S. G., & Kim, Y. J. (2026) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.26.0087
Александровна, П. Е., Buyko, E. E., Diksas, E. B., Kaidash, O. A., Кривощеков, С. В., Sergun, V. P., Valentina, B., Ivanov, V. V., & Удут, Е. В. (2026) · Bulletin of Siberian Medicine · doi:10.20538/1682-0363-2026-3-60-68
Raj, N., Singh, A., Palei, N. N., Keshari, A. K., & SINGH, S. P. (2026) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.154706
Pirgozliev, V. R., Whiting, I. M., Mansbridge, S. C., Kljak, K., Yovchev, D., Mello, H. H. D. C., Stringhini, J. H., Yang, Z., & Rose, S. P. (2026) · Archives of Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1080/1745039x.2026.2743731
Ali, M. A., Mustafa, I., Ahmad, M. M., Farooq, A., Naveed, M. T., Maarij, M. Y., & Gulzar, M. W. (2026) · Tropical Animal Health and Production · doi:10.1007/s11250-026-05415-w
Güzelel, B., Kuyucu, Y., Çelenk, A., Kara, S., Öztürk, Ö. G., & Mete, U. (2026) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2026.104075
Akman, N., Demir, C., Yaşar, S., Sevinç, Y., & Oto, G. (2026) · Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.53433/yyufbed.1991271
Kükürt, A., Karapehlivan, M., Özen, H., Kaya, İ., Kasacı, T., Deveci, H. A., Günal, E., ÖĞÜN, M., Özcan, A., Başer, Ö. F., et al. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31203779
Metadata
- Authors
- Surai, P.
- Affiliations
- Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Surai, Peter
- ORCID
- Surai, Peter
- Venue
- Antioxidants
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-03-20
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 204-247
- ISSN
- 2076-3921 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4665566
- OpenAlex
- W2142110193
- Cited by
- 738
- References
- 293
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Antioxidants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Silymarin and Mushroom Poisoning
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Selenium in Biological Systems
- Keywords
- silymarin, Silybum marianum, flavonolignans, silibinin, antioxidant defense, free radical scavenging, metal chelation, reactive oxygen species, mitochondria, Nrf2, NF-κB, inflammation, heat shock proteins, thioredoxin, sirtuins, gut microbiota, hepatoprotection, liver disease, hepatotoxicity, herbal medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
