Non-Contact SpO2 Prediction System Based on a Digital Camera
Open accessAbstract
Patients with the COVID-19 condition require frequent and accurate blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitoring. The existing pulse oximeters, however, require contact-based measurement using clips or otherwise fixed sensor units or need dedicated hardware which may cause inconvenience and involve additional appointments with the patient. This study proposes a computer vision-based system using a digital camera to measure SpO2 on the basis of the imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) signal extracted from the human’s forehead without the need for restricting the subject or physical contact. The proposed camera-based system decomposes the iPPG obtained from the red and green channels into different signals with different frequencies using a signal decomposition technique based on a complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) technique and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) technique to obtain the optical properties from these wavelengths and frequency channels. The proposed system is convenient, contactless, safe and cost-effective. The preliminary results for 70 videos obtained from 14 subjects of different ages and with different skin tones showed that the red and green wavelengths could be used to estimate SpO2 with good agreement and low error ratio compared to the gold standard of pulse oximetry (SA210) with a fixed measurement position.
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Studies on healthy adults with different skin pigmentation showed that red and green wavelengths could estimate oxygen saturation with good agreement and lower error ratio compared to the traditional pulse oximeter.
“Studies on healthy adults with different skin pigmentation showed that red and green wavelengths could estimate oxygen saturation with good agreement and lower error ratio compared to the traditional pulse oximeter [30,80,102].”
From Skin pigmentation influence on pulse oximetry accuracy: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Other subjective scales were employed in 13 studies (35.14%).
“and other subjective scales were employed in 13 studies (35.14%) [30,42,43,44,45,50,52,56,72,78,80,87,88].”
From Skin pigmentation influence on pulse oximetry accuracy: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
During exercise, the main potential errors are due to motion artifact, which complicates the use of the pulse oximeter and the accurate interpretation of the data.
“Although during exercise, the main potential errors are due to motion artifact, which complicates the use of the pulse oximeter and the accurate interpretation of the data [29,30,31]”
From Skin pigmentation influence on pulse oximetry accuracy: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Al-Naji, A., Khalid, G. A., Mahdi, J. F., & Chahl, J.
- Affiliations
- Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10022, Iraq
- Middle Technical University (IQ)
- University of South Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Chahl, Javaan
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-05-07
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4255
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3158632174
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- oxygen saturation, imaging photoplethysmography, digital cameras, COVID-19 surveillance, complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition, independent component analysis, signal decomposition, pulse oximetry
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