On the Minimal Adequate Sampling Frequency of the Photoplethysmogram for Pulse Rate Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Mobile and Wearable Technology
Open accessAbstract
Recently there has been great interest in photoplethysmogram signal processing. However, its minimally necessary sampling frequency for accurate heart rate variability parameters is ambiguous. In the present paper frequency-modulated 1.067 Hz cosine wave modelled the variable PPG in silico . The five-minute-long, 1 ms resolution master-signals were decimated (D) at 2-500 ms, then cubic spline interpolated (I) back to 1 ms resolution. The mean pulse rate, standard deviation, root mean square of successive pulse rate differences (RMSSD), and spectral components were computed by Varian 2.3 and compared to the master-series via relative accuracy error. Also Poincaré-plot morphology was assessed. Mean pulse rate is accurate down to 303 ms (D) and 400 ms (I). In low-variability series standard deviation required at least 5 ms (D) and 100 ms (I). RMSSD needed 10 ms (D), and 303 ms (I) in normal, whereas 2 ms (D) and 100 ms (I) in low- variability series. In the frequency domain 5 ms (D) and 100 ms (I) are required. 2 ms (D) and 100 ms (I) preserved the Poincaré-plot morphology. The minimal sampling frequency of PPG for accurate HRV analysis is higher than expected from the signal bandwidth and sampling theorem. Interpolation improves accuracy. The ratio of sampling error and expected variability should be considered besides the inherent sensitivity of the given parameter, the interpolation technique, and the pulse rate detection method.
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The PPG can be interpolated to increase pulse rate variability performance.
“Second, the PPG can be interpolated to increase performance [130], [131].”
From Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [131]
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Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring
Charlton, P. H., Kyriacou, P. A., Mant, J., Marozas, V., Chowienczyk, P., & Alastruey, J. (2022) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2022.3149785 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Béres, S., Holczer, L., & Hejjel, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pecs (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Hejjel, László
- Venue
- Measurement Science Review
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2019-10-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 232-240
- ISSN
- 1335-8871 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2980118066
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Measurement Science Review (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- photoplethysmogram, sampling frequency, heart rate variability, pulse rate monitoring, cubic spline interpolation, RMSSD, Poincaré plot, wearable sensors, mobile health
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