A Review of Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Process Security Risks
Open accessAbstract
The advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing has found a unique and prominent role in Industry 4.0 and is rapidly gaining popularity in the manufacturing industry. 3D printing offers many advantages over conventional manufacturing methods, making it an attractive alternative that is more cost-effective and efficient than conventional manufacturing methods. With the Internet of Things (IoT) at the heart of this new movement, control over manufacturing methods now enters the cyber domain, offering endless possibilities in manufacturing automation and optimization. However, as disruptive and innovative as this may seem, there is grave concern about the cyber-security risks involved. These security aspects are often overlooked, particularly by promising new start-ups and parties that are not too familiar with the risks involved in not having proper cyber-security measures in place. This paper explores some of the cyber-security risks involved in the bridge between industrial manufacturing and Industry 4.0, as well as the associated countermeasures already deployed or currently under development. These aspects are then contextualized in terms of Industry 4.0 in order to serve as a basis for and assist with future development in this field.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Eclass currently provides 45,000 product classes with 19,000 belonging property descriptions with unique, machine-readable identifiers.
“It currently provides 45,000 product classes with 19,000 belonging property descriptions with unique, machine-readable identifiers [167].”
From SCADA Systems With Focus on Continuous Manufacturing and Steel Industry: A Survey on Architectures, Standards, Challenges and Industry 5.0 (2022) · cites this paper as [167]
Eclass is already the de facto standard in B2B applications used by 3,500 companies worldwide.
“Globally recognized, Eclass is already the de facto standard in B2B applications used by 3,500 companies worldwide.”
From SCADA Systems With Focus on Continuous Manufacturing and Steel Industry: A Survey on Architectures, Standards, Challenges and Industry 5.0 (2022) · cites this paper as [167]
Cites
Shamir, A. (1979) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/359168.359176 · Cited by 13,756 · see citing works
Partnerships from <i>cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st‐century business</i>
Elkington, J. (1998) · Environmental Quality Management · doi:10.1002/tqem.3310080106 · Cited by 5,341 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This forms part of what is referred to as the “Triple Bottom Line” [22,23] that considers the sustainability of industries and businesses in the context of the associated economic, environmental and social impacts.”
BackgroundPast, present and future of Industry 4.0—A systematic literature review and research agenda proposal
Liao, Y., Deschamps, F., Loures, E. D. F. R., & Ramos, L. F. P. (2017) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2017.1308576 · Cited by 2,036 · see citing works
Guide to Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Security
Stouffer, K., Pillitteri, V., Lightman, S., Abrams, M., & Hahn, A. (2015) · doi:10.6028/nist.sp.800-82r2 · Cited by 1,377 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Officially published security guidelines specifically aimed at securing the industrial manufacturing environment, such as NIST SP 800-82 [44] and IEC 62443 [45], can be used to aid in the formulation of these security policies and procedures [3].”
Method5G Internet of Things: A survey
Li, S., Xu, L. D., & Zhao, S. (2018) · Journal of Industrial Information Integration · doi:10.1016/j.jii.2018.01.005 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Getting to the Bottom of “Triple Bottom Line”
Norman, W., & MacDonald, C. (2004) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.5840/beq200414211 · Cited by 1,142 · see citing works
Müller, J. M., Kiel, D., & Voigt, K. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10010247 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL VALUE CREATION: BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF INDUSTRY 4.0
KIEL, D., Müller, J. M., Arnold, C., & Voigt, K. (2017) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919617400151 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Before we knew it: an empirical study of zero-day attacks in the real world
Bilge, L., & Dumitraş, T. (2012) · Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security · doi:10.1145/2382196.2382284 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Yan, J., Meng, Y., Lü, L., & Lin, L. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2765544 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Birkel, H. S., Veile, J. W., Müller, J. M., Hartmann, E., & Voigt, K. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11020384 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Security of smart manufacturing systems
Tuptuk, N., & Hailes, S. (2018) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2018.04.007 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Developments in 4D-printing: a review on current smart materials, technologies, and applications
Zhang, Z., Demir, K. G., & Gu, G. X. (2019) · International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials · doi:10.1080/19475411.2019.1591541 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Song, H. (2013) · doi:10.1145/2491185.2491190 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Aspects of Risk Management Implementation for Industry 4.0
Tupa, J., Šimota, J., & Steiner, F. (2017) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.248 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Manufacturing and Security Challenges in 3D Printing
Zeltmann, S. E., Gupta, N., Tsoutsos, N. G., Maniatakos, M., Rajendran, J., & Karri, R. (2016) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-016-1937-7 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Acoustic side-channel attacks on printers
Michael Backes, A., Dürmuth, M., Gerling, S., Pinkal, M., & Sporleder, C. (2010) · Cited by 185 · see citing works
A comprehensive survey of interface protocols for software defined networks
Latif, Z., Sharif, K., Li, F., Karim, M. M., Biswas, S., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102563 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A Survey of Current Challenges in Manufacturing Industry and Preparation for Industry 4.0
Khan, A., & Turowski, K. (2016) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33609-1_2 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Cybersecurity for Industry 4.0: Analysis for Design and Manufacturing
(2017) · Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50660-9 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Advanced Material Strategies for Next-Generation Additive Manufacturing
Chang, J., He, J., Mao, M., Zhou, W., Lei, Q., Li, X., Li, D., Chua, C.-K., & Zhao, X. (2018) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma11010166 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
My Smartphone Knows What You Print
Song, C., Lin, F., Ba, Z., Ren, K., Zhou, C., & Xu, W. (2016) · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) · doi:10.1145/2976749.2978300 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Chhetri, S. R., Canedo, A., & Faruque, M. A. A. (2016) · doi:10.1145/2966986.2967050 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Ransomware: taking businesses hostage
Mansfield-Devine, S. (2016) · Network Security · doi:10.1016/s1353-4858(16)30096-4 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Securing the Industrial Internet
Gilchrist, A. (2016) · Industry 4.0 · doi:10.1007/978-1-4842-2047-4_12 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Riel, A., Kreiner, C., Macher, G., & Messnarz, R. (2017) · CIRP Annals · doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2017.04.037 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Intellectual Property Protection in Additive Layer Manufacturing
Yampolskiy, M., Andel, T. R., McDonald, J. T., Glisson, W. B., & Yasinsac, A. (2014) · doi:10.1145/2689702.2689709 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hojjati, A., Adhikari, A., Struckmann, K. M., Chou, E., Nguyen, T. N. T., Madan, K., Winslett, M., Gunter, C. A., & King, W. P. (2016) · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) · doi:10.1145/2976749.2978323 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Network Programmability With ForCES
Haleplidis, E., Salim, J. H., Halpern, J. M., Hares, S., Pentikousis, K., Ogawa, K., Wang, W., Denazis, S., & Koufopavlou, O. (2015) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2015.2439033 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Riel, A., Kreiner, C., Messnarz, R., & Much, A. (2018) · CIRP Annals · doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2018.04.022 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Geometry-preserving Encryption for 3D Meshes
Éluard, M., Maetz, Y., & Doërr, G. (2013) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.3925.6165 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Selective Encryption Algorithm for 3D Printing Model Based on Clustering and DCT Domain
Pham, G. N., Kwon, K., Lee, E.-J., & Lee, S. (2017) · Journal of Computing Science and Engineering · doi:10.5626/jcse.2017.11.4.152 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pham, G. N., Lee, S., Kwon, O., & Kwon, K. (2018) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics7050064 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 35 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Santhi, A. R., & Muthuswamy, P. (2023) · International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) · doi:10.1007/s12008-023-01217-8 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Folgado, F. J., Calderón, D., González, I., & Calderón, A. J. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13040782 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“Similarly, according to [31], Industry 4.0 involves the integration of various technologies, particularly IoT technologies, into existing technologies used in the production and industrial manufacturing sectors.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Review of Cybersecurity Guidelines for Manufacturing Factories in Industry 4.0
Mullet, V., Sondi, P., & Ramat, E. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3056650 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“0 concepts and applications is proposed in [6], as well as some recent cybersecurity attacks observed in several manufacturing factories in the world.”
BackgroundExploring the potential of 3D scanning in Industry 4.0: An overview
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Singh, R. P., Rab, S., Suman, R., Kumar, L., & Khan, I. H. (2022) · International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ijcce.2022.08.003 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Internet of Things Approaches for Monitoring and Control of Smart Greenhouses in Industry 4.0
Bersani, C., Ruggiero, C., Sacile, R., Soussi, A., & Zero, E. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15103834 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Technological advances, such as massive data analysis algorithms [15,16], IoT [17], and cloud computing [18], are more and more present in industrial companies and are causing the emergence of new process control concepts, new service proposals, and new products [19,20].”
BackgroundSustainability 4.0 and its applications in the field of manufacturing
Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R. P., Khan, S., & Suman, R. (2022) · Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2022.06.001 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Towards design and implementation of Industry 4.0 for food manufacturing
Konur, S., Lan, Y., Thakker, D., Morkyani, G., Polovina, N., & Sharp, J. F. (2021) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-021-05726-z · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Since there are potential security risks for the internet access through wireless interfaces for IoT devices [35], the gateways encrypt the communication tunnels and the data payloads; therefore, only verified data interfaces can be accessed from the internet by a secured application programming interface (API).”
BackgroundHuman Resources Readiness for Industry 4.0
Vrchota, J., Maříková, M., Řehoř, P., Rolínek, L., & Toušek, R. (2019) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.3390/joitmc6010003 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Developed countries dealing with support and systemic changes to use the most of the opportunities of such major changes, avoiding the risks involved [4].”
BackgroundSikora, P., Chougan, M., Cuevas, K., Liebscher, M., Mechtcherine, V., Ghaffar, S. H., Liard, M., Lootens, D., Krivenko, P. V., Sanytsky, M., et al. (2021) · Applied Nanoscience · doi:10.1007/s13204-021-01738-2 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Machine learning and internet of things in industry 4.0: A review
Rahman, M. S., Ghosh, T., Aurna, N. F., Kaiser, M. S., Anannya, M., & Hosen, A. S. M. S. (2023) · Measurement Sensors · doi:10.1016/j.measen.2023.100822 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Functionally Graded Materials Manufactured by Direct Energy Deposition: A review
Singh, D. D., Arjula, S., & Reddy, A. R. (2021) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.536 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The effects of nanosilica on the fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable mortars
Sikora, P., Chung, S.-Y., Liard, M., Lootens, D., Dorn, T., Kamm, P. H., Stephan, D. A., & Elrahman, M. A. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122574 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Federated learning-empowered smart manufacturing and product lifecycle management: A review
Leng, J., Li, R. C., Xie, J., Zhou, X., Li, X., Liu, Q., Chen, X., Shen, W., & Wang, L. (2025) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2025.103179 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A Survey of Cybersecurity of Digital Manufacturing
Mahesh, P., Tiwari, A., Jin, C., Kumar, P. R., Reddy, A. L. N., Bukkapatnam, S., Gupta, N., & Karri, R. (2020) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.3032074 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“[58] X X X X X X”
Nano-cementitious composites modified with Graphene Oxide – a review
Anwar, A., Liu, X., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Thin-Walled Structures · doi:10.1016/j.tws.2022.110326 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sverko, M., Grbac, T. G., & Mikuc, M. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3211288 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Although cyber attacks on SCADA systems are not a new problem, the number of reported incidents began to increase dramatically after the year 2000, i.e. when SCADA systems able to communicate via TCP/IP protocol were introduced [167].”
BackgroundPatel, D., Sahu, C. K., & Rai, R. (2023) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2023.2262050 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“The security of information and data hinges on three key aspects: confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA), known as the CIA pillars of data security (Prinsloo, Sinha, and von Solms 2019).”
BackgroundAnalysis of Security Issues and Countermeasures for the Industrial Internet of Things
Pal, S., & Jadidi, Z. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11209393 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“This aspect also needs to be considered for better decision-making [170].”
BackgroundSystematic Analysis of Risks in Industry 5.0 Architecture
Hassan, M. A., Zardari, S., Farooq, M. U., Alansari, M. M., & Nagro, S. A. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14041466 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Črešnar, R., Potočan, V., & Nedelko, Z. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20123469 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“0 that are proposed are integrated with technologies that enable rapid prototyping [4], such as 3D printing [93], which has become an important competitive advantage, reducing the time from development to market.”
BackgroundIndustry 4.0‐Driven Development of Optimization Algorithms: A Systematic Overview
Csalódi, R., Süle, Z., Jaskó, S., Holczinger, T., & Abonyi, J. (2021) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2021/6621235 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“0 and lean philosophy [7], and the handling of cybersecurity risks [8].”
BackgroundFLAW3D: A Trojan-Based Cyber Attack on the Physical Outcomes of Additive Manufacturing
Pearce, H., Yanamandra, K., Gupta, N., & Karri, R. (2022) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2022.3179713 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Prinsloo et al. [14] Survey Security risks within the Industry 4.0 manufacturing domain.”
InfluentialProof-of-PUF Enabled Blockchain: Concurrent Data and Device Security for Internet-of-Energy
Asif, R., Ghanem, K., & Irvine, J. M. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21010028 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“To create counterfeits and clones, sophisticated cyber criminals or insider attackers with privileged access to the devices may take advantage of unsecured manufacturing systems, resulting in significant financial, environmental, and infrastructure disruption[30].”
BackgroundDetection of Botnet Attacks against Industrial IoT Systems by Multilayer Deep Learning Approaches
Mudassir, M., Ünal, D., Hammoudeh, M. A. A., & Azzedin, F. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/2845446 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“0, it can mean disruption of production and services, stealing trade secrets, and leakage of confidential business data, all of which could lead to huge financial losses [10].”
BackgroundGadekar, R., Sarkar, B., & Gadekar, A. (2022) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-022-04828-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Many companies outsource differentmanufacturing and production operations due to capital investment constraints by sharing information via the cloud (Prinsloo et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSarveshwaran, V., Rajesh, M., Ramachandran, S., Vengatesan, K., Rajasekar, V., Karthikeyan, P., Kumar, P., Kumar, A., & Dhanabalan, S. S. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3139609 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Vulnerability of the Production Line Using Industrial IoT Systems under DDoS Attack
Horák, T., Střelec, P., Huraj, L., Tanuška, P., Václavová, A., & Kebísek, M. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10040381 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Rahman, A., Sara, U., Kundu, D., Islam, S., Jahidul, M., Hasan, M., Rahman, Z., & Kamal, M. (2020) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2020.0110980 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“0, and associated innovations also [28] reviewed some of”
BackgroundUnderstanding vulnerabilities in cyber physical production systems
Khalid, A., Khan, Z. H., Idrees, M., Kirisci, P. T., Ghrairi, Z., Thoben, K., & Pannek, J. (2021) · International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2021.1992656 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“However, the safety and security (protection) requirements in the case of heavy payload cobotics are still in the infancy stage (Prinsloo, Sinha, and Basie von 2019).”
BackgroundSony, M., Antony, J., Tortorella, G. L., McDermott, O., & Gutiérrez, L. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2022.3159860 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Konopik, J., & Blunck, D. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/41512 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Similar to the effects of digital transformation on process efficiency and quality improvements in manufacturing [208], the coding process showed that the most dominant changes to the value creation of providers in the health care sector are improved process efficiency (29 segments) as well as…”
State of art review on sustainable manufacturing and Industry 4.0
Harikannan, N., & Vinodh, S. (2024) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.4013 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Jiang, Q., Huang, M., Xin, J., & Chen, P. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134804 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Security issues in Industry 4.0
Jamai, I., Azzouz, L. B., & Saı̈dane, L. A. (2020) · International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) · doi:10.1109/iwcmc48107.2020.9148447 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“• Zero-Day Attacks : The term “Zero-day” is refers to an unknown system vulnerabilities that recently discovered by the hackers and not disclosed publicly [63] [86].”
BackgroundVachálek, J., Šišmišová, D., Vasek, P., Fitka, I., Slovak, J., & Simovec, M. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21051842 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Encryption is Futile: Reconstructing 3D-Printed Models Using the Power Side-Channel
Gatlin, J., Belikovetsky, S., Elovici, Y., Anthony Skjellum, Y., Lubell, J., Witherell, P., & Yampolskiy, M. (2021) · International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses (RAID) · doi:10.1145/3471621.3471850 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Multiple authors have surveyed the field of AM security [27, 31, 48].”
BackgroundPerspectives of cybersecurity for ameliorative Industry 4.0 era: a review-based framework
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Singh, R. P., Rab, S., & Suman, R. (2022) · Industrial Robot the international journal of robotics research and application · doi:10.1108/ir-10-2021-0243 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A Systematic Literature Review on Safety Research Related to Chemical Industrial Parks
Zeng, T., Chen, G., Yang, Y., Reniers, G., Zhao, Y., & Liu, X. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12145753 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“However, multi-operator sites or CIPs also raise some safety and security issues owing to the installation interconnections and closeness within the site locations [35,36].”
BackgroundA decision support model for assessing and prioritization of industry 5.0 cybersecurity challenges
Ahmed, I., Hossain, N. U. I., Fazio, S. A., Lezzi, M., & Islam, M. S. (2024) · Sustainable Manufacturing and Service Economics · doi:10.1016/j.smse.2024.100018 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sorger, M., Ralph, B. J., Hartl, K., Woschank, M., & Stockinger, M. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11199021 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Therefore, a multi-layer architecture approach with multiple safety layers should be implemented, dividing and analyzing the signal flow of each CPPS and cross-validating the signals with those of corresponding CPPS [81].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialYuan, J., Zhou, Y., Chen, G., Xiao, K., & Lü, J. (2024) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2024.100836 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Luo, L., Hu, S., Chen, K., Liu, Y., & Li, C. Z. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2024.3378840 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…obstacles, such as the high cost of technology, the unique characteristics of the construction sector, and a general lack of familiarity with modern technological advancements, have impeded the widespread adoption of IoT technologies, a trend corroborated by prior research [139], [140].”
ResultAn ANN-Based Approach for Real-Time Scheduling in Cloud Manufacturing
Chen, S., Fang, S., & Tang, R. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10072491 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mitigation against DDoS Attacks on an IoT-Based Production Line Using Machine Learning
Huraj, L., Horák, T., Střelec, P., & Tanuška, P. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11041847 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“, in [9], draw attention to the fact that a DDoS attack in such an environment could have catastrophic consequences for production lines.”
BackgroundSmart batch process: The evolution from 1D and 2D to new 3D perspectives in the era of Big Data
Zhou, Y., & Gao, F. (2023) · Journal of Process Control · doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2023.103088 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
What Did You Add to My Additive Manufacturing Data?: Steganographic Attacks on 3D Printing Files
Yampolskiy, M., Graves, L., Gatlin, J., Anthony Skjellum, Y., & Yung, M. M. (2021) · International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses (RAID) · doi:10.1145/3471621.3471843 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Several authors survey the entire field of AM Security [43, 50, 66].”
BackgroundInfluentialImpact of Industry 4.0 adoption on workload demands in contact centers
Tortorella, G., Prashar, A., Saurin, T. A., Fogliatto, F. S., Antony, J., & Junior, G. C. (2022) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.20961 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“0 adoption include cybersecurity concerns with third ‐ party providers (Prinsloo et al., 2019), high capital expenditures and financial constraints (Masood & Sonntag, 2020), and information technology infrastructure and government support (Sung, 2018).”
BackgroundA Real-Time Distance Measurement System for a Digital Twin Using Mixed Reality Goggles
Lalik, K., & Flaga, S. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21237870 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Digitalization is allowing for the development of new manufacturing technologies [3], smart systems [4] and sensory systems [5,6].”
BackgroundSecurity challenges of the Industry 4.0
Умалтович, М. А., Guzueva, E. R., & Magomaev, T. R. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1515/3/032074 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Some of the major technologies that are at the core of industry 4.0 include Internet of Things IoT, cloud computing, cyber physical systems and finally artificial intelligence [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialIndustry 4.0 based process data analytics platform
Wanasinghe, T. R., Don, M. G., Arunthavanathan, R., & Gosine, R. G. (2022) · Methods in chemical process safety · doi:10.1016/bs.mcps.2022.04.008 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lee, C.-H., Kim, Y.-S., & Shin, Y. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13158134 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“0, enumerating the countermeasures that are currently deployed or under development [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialIndustry 4.0 and its Technologies: A Systematic Literature Review
Alaref, E. A., & Khan, S. A. (2021) · doi:10.1109/ieem50564.2021.9672847 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Towards IT/OT integration in industry digitalization: A comprehensive survey
Venanzi, R., Modica, G., Foschini, L., & Bellavista, P. (2025) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2025.104373 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Telnov, Y. F., Брызгалов, А. А., Kozyrev, P., & Koroleva, D. (2022) · Бизнес-информатика · doi:10.17323/2587-814x.2022.4.50.67 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Stodt, F., & Reich, C. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12112401 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of nano-silica sol dosage on the properties of 3D-printed concrete
Xu, P. B., Chen, T., Fan, K., & Zhang, M. (2023) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2023.108090 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A philosophical look at Confucian humanity in the Age of Robots
Chuang, S. (2024) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-03-2024-4380 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Randomly-based Stepwise Multi-Level Distributed Medical Image Steganography
Munshi, A. M. (2023) · Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research · doi:10.48084/etasr.5935 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Every day, new threats emerge that increase the danger of data and communications being compromised [4].”
BackgroundSecuring Healthcare Data and Cybersecurity Innovations in the Era of Industry 5.0
Arya, L. (2024) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7457-3.ch006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ramezan, C. A. (2025) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2025.104363 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Data-Centric Framework for Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Smart Manufacturing
Mudgal, P. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14163304 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Batwara, A., Sharma, V., & Makkar, M. (2024) · International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) · doi:10.1007/s12008-024-01891-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…drone in different applications S25 [13, 14] Optimize the use of nonrenewable resources S26 [76] Security Provide access based on user identity S27 [16, 77–79] Scan for malware detection and prevention S28 [16, 78, 79] Protection of software after creation S29 [16, 78, 79] Prevention of…”
InfluentialData mining applications in risk research: A systematic literature review
Sıcakyüz, Ç., Edalatpanah, S. A., & Pamucar, D. S. (2024) · International Journal of Knowledge-based and Intelligent Engineering Systems · doi:10.1177/13272314241296866 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“4 Consequently, many firms benefit from these new technologies, allowing them to operate efficiently, timely, and with minimum cost and errors.”
Secured SECS/GEM: A Security Mechanism for M2M Communication in Industry 4.0 Ecosystem
Jaisan, A., Manickam, S., Laghari, S. U. A., Rehman, S. U., & Karuppayah, S. (2021) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2021.0120828 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“It replayed the previously recorded data during the attacks to trick the operators from knowing the actual status of the equipment [20].”
BackgroundState-of-the-art in process safety and digital system
Amin, M. T., Arunthavanathan, R., Alauddin, M., & Khan, F. I. (2022) · Methods in chemical process safety · doi:10.1016/bs.mcps.2022.04.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sharma, R., & Villányi, B. J. (2022) · Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2022.09.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Industry 4.0 concepts and implementation challenges: Literature Review
Habib, F. E., Bnouachir, H., Chergui, M., & Ammoumou, A. (2022) · International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM) · doi:10.1109/wincom55661.2022.9966456 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
AI-Based Intrusion Detection System for Secure AI BOX Applications
Chen, J.-L., Chen, Z.-Z., Chang, Y.-S., Li, C.-I., Kao, T.-I., Lin, Y.-T., Xiao, Y.-Y., & Qiu, J.-F. (2023) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC) · doi:10.1109/icaiic57133.2023.10066986 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Due to the development of Industry 4.0, cloud computing, IoT devices, and the smart factory, which are based on the industrial internet, require a high vigilance system [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialKerrache, C. A., Rathee, G., Lahby, M., Vegni, A. M., Bilal, M., & Ferrag, M. A. (2024) · Information Security Journal A Global Perspective · doi:10.1080/19393555.2024.2353067 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The use of digital twins in the metaverse will keep the manufacturers well engaged and informed before any mishap wherein manufacturers, stakeholders and vendors are integrated to develop a digital simulation of the industry (Guo et al., 2021; Prinsloo et al., 2019).”
Song, H. J., Shin, N., Koo, H. M., & Shin, W. S. (2024) · International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management · doi:10.1108/ijqrm-07-2021-0218 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Process management of ergonomic workplace based on augmented reality principles
Holoči, J., & Chromjaková, F. (2022) · Human Technology · doi:10.14254/1795-6889.2022.18-1.5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shen, B., Hu, Y., Song, X., Song, Z., Liu, J., Sun, C., Lu, S., Kang, J., Cao, Y. Q., Xiang, M., et al. (2023) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02247 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Anomaly detection system for Modbus data based on an open source tool
Suchorab, J., Plamowski, S., & Ławryńczuk, M. (2025) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2025.104572 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Industry 5.0: a conceptual cybersecurity model for secured digital transformation of enterprises
Chaudhuri, A., Jayalakshmi, R., Bala, P. K., Shoemaker, D., & Behera, R. K. (2025) · EDPACS · doi:10.1080/07366981.2024.2445413 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“However, Industry 4.0 has brought new challenges of cybersecurity due to the integration of operational technology (OT) with information technology (IT) and has enhanced the cyber threat surface resulting in cyber-attacks (Ervural & Ervural, 2017; Prinsloo et al., 2019).”
InfluentialAnalysis of Directional Activities for Industry 4.0 in the Example of Poland and Germany
Jałowiec, T., & Wojtaszek, H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14073848 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chiu, P. C., Rana, M. E., Hameed, V. A., & Seeralan, A. (2023) · IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD) · doi:10.1109/scored60679.2023.10563467 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“However, most of the manufacturing companies have yet migrated to the cloud including the semiconductor companies due to concerns over data security [4], data latency and connectivity issues [5].”
BackgroundDeployment and Maintenance of Digital Twin in a Secure Industrial Environment
Hassan, M., & Björsell, N. (2024) · International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management · doi:10.1109/icphm61352.2024.10626806 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Several factors, such as security [8], support for data cleaning and DT development [9] , and installation and update of the DT system, are critical concerns for implementation [10].”
BackgroundSTPA systemic approach for OHS and operational risk analysis of data glove use in 4.0 assembly
Naeini, A. M., & Nadeau, S. (2022) · CIRP journal of manufacturing science and technology · doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2022.09.003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Software in the Manufacturing Industry: Emerging Security Challenge Areas for IIoT Platforms
Landeck, Y., Balta, D., Wimmer, M., & Knierim, C. (2024) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP) · doi:10.1145/3639477.3639724 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Previously, perimeter security has been the choice for ensuring the integrity and availability of systems on the shop floor level [29].”
BackgroundSecuring the Future of Digital Manufacturing: A Review of Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Strategies
Fteiha, B., Ayoub, A. A., Hussein, L. Y., & Zia, H. (2024) · International Conference on Communications, Information, Electronic and Energy Systems (CIEES) · doi:10.1109/ciees62939.2024.10811264 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
de Lacalle, L. N. L., & Posada, J. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12157952 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Method and Installation for Efficient Automatic Defect Inspection of Manufactured Paper Bowls
Yu, S., Lee, Y.-H., Cheng-wen, C., Gao, P., Xu, Z., Chen, S., & Yang, C. (2023) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics10060686 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alguliyev, R. M., Nabiyev, B. R., & Dashdamirova, K. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT) · doi:10.1109/aict59525.2023.10313154 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For instance, in the content of smart cities, if malicious actors gain control of a traffic control system, it can wreak havoc by manipulating traffic signals or causing accidents and endanger lives [7].”
Background6G Networks: Fusion of Communications, Sensing, Imaging, Localization and Other Verticals
Božanić, M., & Sinha, S. (2021) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69273-5_10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationNabhani, D. A., Habbal, O., Ullrich, M., Williams, K., Mohanty, P. S., & Pannier, C. P. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) · doi:10.1109/icps59941.2024.10639991 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Role of Simulation in the Context of Industry 4.0 in Building Evacuation
Ferreira, L. P., Ferreira, A. L., Costa, E., & Ramos, A. L. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68634-4_13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jorge, C. H., Nacamura, L., & Vendramin, A. C. B. K. (2025) · Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society · doi:10.5753/jbcs.2025.5358 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Consequently, the likelihood of significant disruptions or industrial sabotage from a single cyber-physical attack rises substantially [Prinsloo et al ., 2019].”
Multidisciplinary avenues on the integration of industry 4.0 in the degree of mechanical engineering
Deshpande, M., Khandelwal, M., & Singh, K. (2022) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1228/1/012029 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Traceability of a product gives unique information about the product like its location information, temperature, pressure, etc. with the help of smart sensors attached to it [16].”
BackgroundArchitectural development of a cyber-physical manufacturing range
Evans, M., & Purdy, G. T. (2023) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2023.08.124 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
3D Scanner Using Infrared for Small Object
Sari, M. I., Sularsa, A., Handayani, R. P., Alamsyah, S. B., & Rizaldi, S. R. (2023) · JOIV International Journal on Informatics Visualization · doi:10.30630/joiv.7.3.2050 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Lines are produced on the object by a laser 3D scanner, and a digital projector's concentrated grid is projected by structured light [14]–[16].”
BackgroundFen, L. X., & Ping, T. A. (2024) · International Conference on Software Engineering and Information Technology (ICoSEIT) · doi:10.1109/icoseit60086.2024.10497522 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Additionally, the benefits identified in this study include improved efficiency in operations and production management, as well as the opening up of new business opportunities [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialMethodology for Conducting a Study of the Vulnerability of PLC Control Algorithms to Cyber Attacks
Plamowski, S., Nebeluk, R., Wojtulewicz, A., Cabaj, K., Chaber, P., Ławryńczuk, M., Marusak, P. M., & Zarzycki, K. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3461549 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Highly computerized and interconnected facilities open up digital access to equipment, and the benefits of information availability come at a price in the form of a higher risk of cyber attack and information corruption [9], [10], [11].”
BackgroundFotogrametri tekniğine dayalı üç boyutlu baskı uygulaması: Leblebi Anıtı örneği
Ahmet, U. S. L. U. (2021) · Türkiye Fotogrametri Dergisi · doi:10.53030/tufod.970464 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
CYBER SECURITY FOR SMART SYSTEM IN INDUSTRY 4.0
(2021) · International Journal of Mechatronics and Applied Mechanics · doi:10.17683/ijomam/issue9.26 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mingo, H. C., & Burrell, D. N. (2023) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7207-1.ch008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cyber Security Systems in Manufacturing Process Application: A Review
Rakshith, S., Dileep, L., & Gopalakrishna (2024) · International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24may1800 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
BRICS Countries’ Competitiveness in the 4IR: Findings from Three World Economic Forum Indicators
Ndzendze, B. (2022) · International political economy series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97397-1_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Delay Tolerant Networks for Industry 4.0
Garcia, J., Demir, M. A., Ciocarlie, G. F., & Prevost, J. J. (2023) · International Conference on System of Systems Engineering · doi:10.1109/sose59841.2023.10178635 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“With the increase of network connections and data from hardware devices, there is a growing convergence between IT and OT [4].”
BackgroundThe Benefits of Using Industry 4.0 in the Manufacturing Sector
Ullah, A., Imran, S., & Roy, D. (2023) · Environmental footprints and eco-design of products and processes · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4819-2_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Prinsloo, J., Sinha, S., & von Solms, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Johannesburg (ZA)
- Centre for Cyber Security, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
- Corresponding author
- Prinsloo, Jaco
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-11-26
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 5105
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2991571699
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 11.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Impact of AI and Big Data on Business and Society
- Keywords
- Industry 4.0, cybersecurity risks, 3D printing, Internet of Things, industrial automation, manufacturing security
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
