Building an ethical and trustworthy biomedical AI ecosystem for the translational and clinical integration of foundation models
Open accessAbstract
Foundation Models (FMs) are gaining increasing attention in the biomedical artificial intelligence (AI) ecosystem due to their ability to represent and contextualize multimodal biomedical data. These capabilities make FMs a valuable tool for a variety of tasks, including biomedical reasoning, hypothesis generation, and interpreting complex imaging data. In this review paper, we address the unique challenges associated with establishing an ethical and trustworthy biomedical AI ecosystem, with a particular focus on the development of FMs and their downstream applications. We explore strategies that can be implemented throughout the biomedical AI pipeline to effectively tackle these challenges, ensuring that these FMs are translated responsibly into clinical and translational settings. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of key stewardship and co-design principles that not only ensure robust regulation but also guarantee that the interests of all stakeholders-especially those involved in or affected by these clinical and translational applications-are adequately represented. We aim to empower the biomedical AI community to harness these models responsibly and effectively. As we navigate this exciting frontier, our collective commitment to ethical stewardship, co-design, and responsible translation will be instrumental in ensuring that the evolution of FMs truly enhances patient care and medical decision-making, ultimately leading to a more equitable and trustworthy biomedical AI ecosystem.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Although the number of studies comparing different AI methods in clinical research is growing, comprehensive evaluations that employ a patient-centered approach remain limited and are needed to fully assess their relative utility.
“Although the number of studies comparing different AI methods in clinical research is growing, comprehensive evaluations that employ a patient-centered approach remain limited and are needed to fully assess their relative utility.11,12”
From Advancing methodological development of artificial intelligence in patient-centered comparative clinical effectiveness research: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute’s unique contribution to research done differently (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Section 5.2 (page unavailable) calls for standardized metrics and evaluation processes, and the concluding section emphasizes engaging stakeholders in clinical AI development. The paper does not establish that studies comparing AI methods are growing or that comprehensive patient-centered comparisons remain limited; it also does not assess the methods’ relative utility. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship
Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva Santos, L. B., Bourne, P. E., et al. (2016) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.18 · Cited by 18,423 · see citing works
Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations
Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax2342 · Cited by 7,137 · see citing works
The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines
Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2 · Cited by 6,220 · see citing works
Robust De-anonymization of Large Sparse Datasets
Narayanan, A., & Shmatikov, V. (2008) · 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (sp 2008) · doi:10.1109/sp.2008.33 · Cited by 2,372 · see citing works
Fair prediction with disparate impact: a study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments
Chouldechova, A. (2017) · Big Data · doi:10.1089/big.2016.0047 · Cited by 2,159 · see citing works
Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence
Moor, M., Banerjee, O., Abad, Z. S. H., Krumholz, H. M., Leskovec, J., Topol, E. J., & Rajpurkar, P. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05881-4 · Cited by 2,028 · see citing works
Suffix Arrays: A New Method for On-Line String Searches
Manber, U., & Myers, E. W. (1993) · SIAM Journal on Computing · doi:10.1137/0222058 · Cited by 1,915 · see citing works
Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings
Bolukbasi, T., Chang, K.-W., Zou, J., Saligrama, V., & Kalai, A. (2016) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1607.06520 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
A Survey on Homomorphic Encryption Schemes: Theory and Implementation
Acar, A., Aksu, H., Uluagac, A. S., & Conti, M. (2019) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3214303 · Cited by 1,397 · see citing works
Mitigating Unwanted Biases with Adversarial Learning
Zhang, B. H., Lemoine, B., & Mitchell, M. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society · doi:10.1145/3278721.3278779 · Cited by 1,387 · see citing works
Explainable AI (XAI): Core Ideas, Techniques, and Solutions
Dwivedi, R., Dave, D., Naik, H., Singhal, S., Omer, R., Patel, P., Qian, B., Wen, Z., Shah, T., Morgan, G., et al. (2023) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3561048 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
Large-Scale Long-Tailed Recognition in an Open World
Liu, Z., Miao, Z., Zhan, X., Wang, J., Gong, B., & Yu, S. X. (2019) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00264 · Cited by 1,169 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)
Tabassi, E. (2023) · doi:10.6028/nist.ai.100-1 · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Bias in data‐driven artificial intelligence systems—An introductory survey
Ntoutsi, E., Fafalios, P., Gadiraju, U., Iosifidis, V., Nejdl, W., Vidal, M., Ruggieri, S., Turini, F., Papadopoulos, S., Krasanakis, E., et al. (2020) · WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.1356 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Privacy and artificial intelligence: challenges for protecting health information in a new era
Murdoch, B. (2021) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-021-00687-3 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Interactive machine learning for health informatics: when do we need the human-in-the-loop?
Holzinger, A. (2016) · Brain Informatics · doi:10.1007/s40708-016-0042-6 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Ferrara, E. (2023) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci6010003 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
A survey of human-in-the-loop for machine learning
Wu, X., Xiao, L., Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Ma, T., & He, L. (2022) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2022.05.014 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Gender bias in coreference resolution: Evaluation and debiasing methods
Zhao, J., Wang, T., Yatskar, M., Ordonez, V., & Chang, K.-W. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/n18-2003 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey
Gallegos, I. O., Rossi, R. A., Barrow, J., Tanjim, M. M., Kim, S., Dernoncourt, F., Yu, T., Zhang, R., & Ahmed, N. K. (2024) · Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/coli_a_00524 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Large Scale Foundation Model on Single-cell Transcriptomics
Hao, M., Gong, J., Zeng, X., Liu, C., Guo, Y., Cheng, X., Wang, T., Ma, J., Song, L., & Zhang, X. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542705 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Zafar, M. B., Valera, I., Gomez Rodriguez, M., & Gummadi, K. P. (2017) · Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web · doi:10.1145/3038912.3052660 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Large-scale foundation model on single-cell transcriptomics
Hao, M., Gong, J., Zeng, X., Liu, C., Guo, Y., Cheng, X., Wang, T., Ma, J., Zhang, X., & Song, L. (2024) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-024-02305-7 · Cited by 628 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Despite”
Self-supervised learning in medicine and healthcare
Krishnan, R., Rajpurkar, P., & Topol, E. J. (2022) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-022-00914-1 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Towards transparency by design for artificial intelligence
Felzmann, H., Fosch-Villaronga, E., Lutz, C., & Tamò-Larrieux, A. (2020) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-020-00276-4 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Interpretable deep learning: interpretation, interpretability, trustworthiness, and beyond
Li, X., Xiong, H., Li, X., Wu, X., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Bian, J., & Dou, D. (2022) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-022-01756-8 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Fairness-aware Learning through Regularization Approach
Kamishima, T., Akaho, S., & Sakuma, J. (2011) · 2011 IEEE 11th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw.2011.83 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Large language models propagate race-based medicine
Omiye, J. A., Lester, J. C., Spichak, S., Rotemberg, V., & Daneshjou, R. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00939-z · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Automated de-identification of free-text medical records
Neamatullah, I., Douglass, M. M., Lehman, L.-W. H., Reisner, A., Villarroel, M., Long, W. J., Szolovits, P., Moody, G. B., Mark, R. G., & Clifford, G. D. (2008) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/1472-6947-8-32 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
De-identification of patient notes with recurrent neural networks
Dernoncourt, F., Lee, J. Y., Uzuner, Ö., & Peter Szolovits, B. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocw156 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
LinkBERT: Pretraining Language Models with Document Links
Yasunaga, M., Leskovec, J., & Liang, P. (2022) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.551 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Biases in Large Language Models: Origins, Inventory, and Discussion
Navigli, R., Conia, S., & Ross, B. (2023) · Journal of Data and Information Quality · doi:10.1145/3597307 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Deduplicating Training Data Makes Language Models Better
Lee, K., Ippolito, D., Nystrom, A., Zhang, C., Eck, D., Callison-Burch, C., & Carlini, N. (2022) · Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.577 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Foundation Models Defining a New Era in Vision: A Survey and Outlook
Awais, M., Naseer, M., Khan, S., Anwer, R. M., Cholakkal, H., Shah, M., Yang, M.-H., & Khan, F. S. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2024.3506283 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Penman-Aguilar, A., Talih, M., Huang, D., Moonesinghe, R., Bouye, K., & Beckles, G. (2016) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000000373 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
State of the Art: Reproducibility in Artificial Intelligence
Gundersen, O. E., & Kjensmo, S. (2018) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11503 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Does learning require memorization? a short tale about a long tail
Feldman, V. (2020) · Proceedings of the 52nd Annual ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory of Computing · doi:10.1145/3357713.3384290 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Gender Bias in Neural Natural Language Processing
Lu, K., Mardziel, P., Wu, F., Amancharla, P., & Datta, A. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62077-6_14 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Vision-language models for medical report generation and visual question answering: a review
Hartsock, I., & Rasool, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2024.1430984 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Privacy-first health research with federated learning
Sadilek, A., Liu, L., Nguyen, D., Kamruzzaman, M., Serghiou, S., Rader, B., Ingerman, A., Mellem, S., Kairouz, P., Nsoesie, E. O., et al. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00489-2 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Edge computing: current trends, research challenges and future directions
Carvalho, G., Cabral, B., Pereira, V., & Bernardino, J. (2021) · Computing · doi:10.1007/s00607-020-00896-5 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The Evolutionary Dynamics of the Artificial Intelligence Ecosystem
Jacobides, M. G., Brusoni, S., & Candelon, F. (2021) · Strategy Science · doi:10.1287/stsc.2021.0148 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Perturbation-based methods for explaining deep neural networks: A survey
Ivanovs, M., Kadiķis, R., & Ozols, K. (2021) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2021.06.030 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among Participants in Precision Oncology Clinical Studies
Aldrighetti, C. M., Niemierko, A., Allen, E. M. V., Willers, H., & Kamran, S. C. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.33205 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research
Affairs, P. A. G., & National Academies of Sciences, E. (2022) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/26479 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Shaping the future of AI in healthcare through ethics and governance
Bouderhem, R. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02894-w · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Exploring stakeholder attitudes towards AI in clinical practice
Scott, I. A., Carter, S. M., & Coiera, E. (2021) · BMJ Health & Care Informatics · doi:10.1136/bmjhci-2021-100450 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Auditing Data Provenance in Text-Generation Models
Song, C., & Shmatikov, V. (2019) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/3292500.3330885 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Explainable and interpretable artificial intelligence in medicine: a systematic bibliometric review
Frasca, M., La Torre, D., Pravettoni, G., & Cutica, I. (2024) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-024-00114-7 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
An artificial intelligence life cycle: from conception to production
De Silva, D., & Alahakoon, D. (2022) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2022.100489 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Assessing the research landscape and clinical utility of large language models: a scoping review
Park, Y.-J., Pillai, A., Deng, J., Guo, E., Gupta, M., Paget, M., & Naugler, C. (2024) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-024-02459-6 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Systematic Evaluation of Privacy Risks of Machine Learning ModelsPreprint
Song, L., & Mittal, P. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.10595 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Hyperledger Healthchain: Patient-Centric IPFS-Based Storage of Health Records
Mani, V., Manickam, P., Alotaibi, Y. A., Alghamdi, S. A., & Khalaf, O. I. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10233003 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
An adversarial training framework for mitigating algorithmic biases in clinical machine learning
Yang, J., Soltan, A. A. S., Eyre, D. W., Yang, Y., & Clifton, D. A. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00805-y · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Johnson, A., Pollard, T., & Mark, R. (2015) · PhysioNet · doi:10.13026/cd7z-wg25 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Queens are Powerful too: Mitigating Gender Bias in Dialogue Generation
Dinan, E., Fan, A., Williams, A., Urbanek, J., Kiela, D., & Weston, J. (2020) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.656 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Adversary Instantiation: Lower Bounds for Differentially Private Machine Learning
Nasr, M., Song, S., Thakurta, A., Papernot, N., & Carlini, N. (2021) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp40001.2021.00069 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Z-Inspection <sup>®</sup> : A Process to Assess Trustworthy AI
Zicari, R. V., Brodersen, J., Brusseau, J., Dudder, B., Eichhorn, T., Ivanov, T., Kararigas, G., Kringen, P., McCullough, M., Moslein, F., et al. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society · doi:10.1109/tts.2021.3066209 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The 51% Attack on Blockchains: A Mining Behavior Study
Aponte-Novoa, F. A., Orozco, A. L. S., Villanueva-Polanco, R., & Wightman, P. M. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3119291 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Olczak, J., Pavlopoulos, J., Prijs, J., IJpma, F. F. A., Doornberg, J. N., Lundström, C. F., Hedlund, J., & Gordon, M. (2021) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.1080/17453674.2021.1918389 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Synthetic data as an enabler for machine learning applications in medicine
Rajotte, J.-F., Bergen, R. V., Buckeridge, D. L., Emam, K. E., Ng, R. T., & Strome, E. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105331 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
A foundational vision transformer improves diagnostic performance for electrocardiograms
Vaid, A., Jiang, J. X., Sawant, A. S., Lerakis, S., Argulian, E., Ahuja, Y., Lampert, J., Charney, A. W., Greenspan, H. K., Narula, J., et al. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00840-9 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Demographic bias in misdiagnosis by computational pathology models
Vaidya, A. J., Chen, R. J., Williamson, D. F. K., Song, A. H., Jaume, G., Yang, Y., Hartvigsen, T., Dyer, E., Lu, M. Y., Lipková, J., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02885-z · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Kirk, H. R., Vidgen, B., Röttger, P., & Hale, S. A. (2024) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-024-00820-y · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Source Inference Attacks in Federated Learning
Hu, H., Salcic, Z. A., Sun, L., Dobbie, G., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icdm51629.2021.00129 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Advancing health equity with artificial intelligence
Thomasian, N. M., Eickhoff, C., & Adashi, E. Y. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Policy · doi:10.1057/s41271-021-00319-5 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Responsible AI Systems: Who are the Stakeholders?
Deshpande, A., & Sharp, H. (2022) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society · doi:10.1145/3514094.3534187 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Ferrara, E. (2023) · doi:10.2196/preprints.48399 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Simpler is better: Lifting interpretability-performance trade-off via automated feature engineering
Gosiewska, A., Kozak, A., & Biecek, P. (2021) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2021.113556 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Membership inference attacks against synthetic health data
Zhang, Z., Yan, C., & Malin, B. (2021) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103977 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Donia, J., & Shaw, J. (2021) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517211065248 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Adversarial Robustness under Long-Tailed Distribution
Wu, T., Liu, Z., Huang, Q., Wang, Y., & Lin, D. (2021) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.00855 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Packhäuser, K., Gündel, S., Münster, N., Syben, C., Christlein, V., & Maier, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19045-3 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Transparency and Explainability of AI Systems: Ethical Guidelines in Practice
Balasubramaniam, N., Kauppinen, M., Hiekkanen, K., & Kujala, S. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98464-9_1 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
RLAIF vs. RLHF: Scaling Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback with AI Feedback
Lee, H., Phatale, S., Mansoor, H., Mesnard, T., Ferret, J., Lu, K., Bishop, C., Hall, E., Carbune, V., Rastogi, A., et al. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2309.00267 · Cited by 87 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore, careful design and implementation of data transformations and/or synthetic data generation techniques will ensure they preserve the statistical properties of the original data while also protecting privacy.”
Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing MethodsPreprint
Zhao, J., Wang, T., Yatskar, M., Ordóñez, V., & Chang, K.-W. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1804.06876 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Data Provenance in Security and Privacy
Pan, B., Stakhanova, N., & Ray, S. (2023) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3593294 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ghadi, Y. Y., Shah, S. F. A., Mazhar, T., Shahzad, T., Ouahada, K., & Hamam, H. (2024) · Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications · doi:10.1186/s13677-024-00654-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Co-Design of a Trustworthy AI System in Healthcare: Deep Learning Based Skin Lesion Classifier
Zicari, R. V., Ahmed, S., Amann, J., Braun, S. A., Brodersen, J., Bruneault, F., Brusseau, J., Campano, E., Coffee, M. P., Dengel, A. R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Dynamics · doi:10.3389/fhumd.2021.688152 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The HybrEx model for confidentiality and privacy in cloud computing
Ko, S. Y., Jeon, K., & Morales, R. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science · doi:10.5555/2170444.2170452 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Serverless Edge Computing—Where We Are and What Lies Ahead
Raith, P., Nastić, S., & Dustdar, S. (2023) · IEEE Internet Computing · doi:10.1109/mic.2023.3260939 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Foundational Models Defining a New Era in Vision: A Survey and OutlookPreprint
Awais, M., Naseer, M., Khan, S. A., Anwer, R. M., Cholakkal, H., Shah, M. A., Yang, M., & Khan, F. S. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2307.13721 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
De-identification of electronic health record using neural network
Ahmed, T., Aziz, M. M. A., & Mohammed, N. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75544-1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Rethinking Importance Weighting for Deep Learning under Distribution ShiftPreprint
Fang, T., Lu, N., Niu, G., & Sugiyama, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.04662 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Rethinking Patient Consent in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data
Kotsenas, A. L., Balthazar, P., Andrews, D., Geis, J. R., & Cook, T. S. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2020.09.022 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Foundation Model Transparency Reports
Bommasani, R., Klyman, K., Longpre, S., Xiong, B., Kapoor, S., Maslej, N., Narayanan, A., & Liang, P. (2024) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society · doi:10.1609/aies.v7i1.31628 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Humayun, M., Alsirhani, A., Alserhani, F., Shaheen, M., & Alwakid, G. N. (2024) · Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications · doi:10.1186/s13677-024-00602-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mohamed, A. K. Y. S., Auer, D., Hofer, D., & Küng, J. (2022) · International Journal of Web Information Systems · doi:10.1108/ijwis-04-2022-0077 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
When Does Data Augmentation Help With Membership Inference Attacks
Kaya, Y., & Dumitraş, T. (2021) · International Conference on Machine Learning · Cited by 35 · see citing works
DeAR: Debiasing Vision-Language Models with Additive Residuals
Seth, A., Hemani, M., & Agarwal, C. (2023) · 2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00659 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Jagodnik, K. M., Koplev, S., Jenkins, S. L., Lucila Ohno-machado, A., Paten, B., Schürer, S. C., Dumontier, M., Verborgh, R., Bui, A. A. T., Ping, P., et al. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2017.05.006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationKönig, K., Pechmann, A., Thiele, S., Walter, M. C., Schorling, D., Tassoni, A., Lochmüller, H., Müller‐Reible, C., & Kirschner, J. (2019) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-019-1125-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Meng, L., & Li, D. (2023) · Journal of Grid Computing · doi:10.1007/s10723-023-09695-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Practical Membership Inference Attacks Against Large-Scale Multi-Modal Models: A Pilot Study
Ko, M., Jin, M., Wang, C., & Jia, R. (2023) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51070.2023.00449 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
An example of governance for AI in health services from Aotearoa New Zealand
Whittaker, R., Dobson, R., Jin, C. K., Style, R., Jayathissa, P., Hiini, K., Ross, K., Kawamura, K., Muir, P., the Waitematā AI Governance Group, et al. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00882-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
(1989) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20181-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A responsible AI framework: pipeline contextualisation
Vyhmeister, E., Castañé, G. G., Östberg, P.-O., & Thevenin, S. (2022) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00154-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Synthetic Data in AI: Challenges, Applications, and Ethical ImplicationsPreprint
Hao, S., Han, W., Jiang, T., Li, Y., Wu, H., Zhong, C., Zhou, Z., & Tang, H. (2024) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2401.01629 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Data Authenticity, Consent, and Provenance for AI Are All Broken: What Will It Take to Fix Them?
Longpre, S., Mahari, R., Obeng-Marnu, N., Brannon, W., South, T., Kabbara, J., & Pentland, A. (2024) · doi:10.21428/e4baedd9.a650f77d · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Privacy-Preserving Linkage of Genomic and Clinical Data Sets
Baker, D. B., Knoppers, B. M., Phillips, M. A., van Enckevort, D., Kaufmann, P., Lochmüller, H., & Taruscio, D. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1109/tcbb.2018.2855125 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Multi‐Omics Studies in Historically Excluded Populations: The Road to Equity
Yang, G., Mishra, M., & Perera, M. A. (2022) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.2818 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hamida, S. B., Mrabet, H., Chaieb, F., & Jemai, A. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-17394-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Word embeddings are biased. But whose bias are they reflecting?
Petreski, D., & Hashim, I. (2022) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01443-w · Cited by 20 · see citing works
From multivariate methods to an AI ecosystem
Winter, N. R., Cearns, M., Clark, S. R., Leenings, R., Dannlowski, U., Baune, B. T., & Hahn, T. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01116-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
VLStereoSet: A Study of Stereotypical Bias in Pre-trained Vision-Language Models
Zhou, K., Lai, E., & Jiang, J. B. (2022) · Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (AACL-IJCNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.aacl-main.40 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Interpretable Preferences via Multi-Objective Reward Modeling and Mixture-of-Experts
Wang, H., Xiong, W., Xie, T., Zhao, H., & Zhang, T. (2024) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.findings-emnlp.620 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gupta, A., Sabirsh, A., Wählby, C., & Sintorn, I. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2022.3177602 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The clinical potential of counterfactual AI models
Lee, S., & Topol, E. J. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00313-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Instruction Tuning with Human Curriculum
Lee, B. W., Cho, H., & Yoo, K. M. (2024) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.findings-naacl.82 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Red Teaming Large Language Models in Medicine: Real-World Insights on Model BehaviorPreprint
Chang, C. T., Farah, H., Gui, H., Rezaei, S. J., Bou-Khalil, C., Park, Y., Swaminathan, A., Omiye, J. A., Kolluri, A., Chaurasia, A. R., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.24305411 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Deciphering Stereotypes in Pre-Trained Language Models
Ma, W., Scheible, H., Wang, B., Veeramachaneni, G., Chowdhary, P., Sun, A., Koulogeorge, A., Wang, L., Yang, D., & Vosoughi, S. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.697 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Interpretability and Explainability of Machine Learning Models: Achievements and Challenges
Henriques, J. M. O., Rocha, T., Carvalho, P., Silva, C., & Paredes, S. (2024) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59216-4_9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dong, C., Li, T. Z., Xu, K., et al. (2023) · SPIE Medical Imaging: Imaging Informatics for Healthcare, Research, and Applications · doi:10.1117/12.2653626 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flexible Regularization Approaches for Fairness in Deep Learning
Olfat, M., & Mintz, Y. D. (2020) · IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) · doi:10.1109/cdc42340.2020.9303736 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Membership Inference Attacks Against Medical Databases
Xu, T., Liu, C., Zhang, K., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8138-0_2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Study on AI Business Ecosystem
Yoo, S. (2020) · The Journal of the Institute of Webcasting, Internet and Telecommunication · doi:10.7236/jiibc.2020.20.2.21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Instruction Tuning with Human CurriculumPreprint
Lee, B. W., Cho, H., & Yoo, K. M. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2310.09518 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- [18]Li X. Cui Z. Wu Y. Gu L. Harada T. Estimating and Improving Fairness with Adversarial Learning arXiv 2021 2103.04243
- [22]Webster K. Wang X. Tenney I. Beutel A. Pitler E. Pavlick E. Chen J. Chi E. Petrov S. Measuring and Reducing Gendered Correlations in Pre-Trained Models arXiv 2021 2010.06032
- [33]Cheng P. Hao W. Yuan S. Si S. Carin L. Fairfil: Contrastive neural debiasing method for pretrained text encoders arXiv 2021 2103.06413
- [36]Shen T. Jin R. Huang Y. Liu C. Dong W. Guo Z. Wu X. Liu Y. Xiong D. Large Language Model Alignment: A Survey arXiv 2023 2309.15025
- [37]Kaufmann T. Weng P. Bengs V. Hüllermeier E. A Survey of Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback arXiv 2024 2312.14925
- [39]Rafailov R. Sharma A. Mitchell E. Ermon S. Manning C.D. Finn C. Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model Is Secretly a Reward Model arXiv 2024 2305.18290
- [52]Hart S. Shapley Value Game Theory Eatwell J. Milgate M. Newman P. Palgrave Macmillan London, UK 1989 210 216 978-1-349-20181-5
- [54]Saravanan A.P. Kocielnik R. Jiang R. Han P. Anandkumar A. Exploring Social Bias in Downstream Applications of Text-to-Image Foundation Models arXiv 2023 2312.10065
- [57]Sun H. Supervised Fine-Tuning as Inverse Reinforcement Learning arXiv 2024 2403.12017
- [61]Bai Y. Kadavath S. Kundu S. Askell A. Kernion J. Jones A. Chen A. Goldie A. Mirhoseini A. McKinnon C. Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback arXiv 2022 2212.08073
- [68]Sevillano-García I. Luengo J. Herrera F. SHIELD: A Regularization Technique for eXplainable Artificial Intelligence arXiv 2024 2404.02611
- [98]Dar S.U.H. Seyfarth M. Kahmann J. Ayx I. Papavassiliu T. Schoenberg S.O. Frey N. Baeßler B. Foersch S. Truhn D. Unconditional Latent Diffusion Models Memorize Patient Imaging Data: Implications for Openly Sharing Synthetic Data arXiv 2024 2402.01054
- [99]El-Mhamdi E.-M. Farhadkhani S. Guerraoui R. Gupta N. Hoang L.-N. Pinot R. Rouault S. Stephan J. On the Impossible Safety of Large AI Models arXiv 2023 2209.15259
- [101]Carlini N. Ippolito D. Jagielski M. Lee K. Tramer F. Zhang C. Quantifying Memorization Across Neural Language Models arXiv 2023 2202.07646
- [109]Sucholutsky I. Griffiths T.L. Alignment with Human Representations Supports Robust Few-Shot Learning arXiv 2023 2301.11990
- [122]Broder A.Z. On the Resemblance and Containment of Documents Proceedings of the Compression and Complexity of SEQUENCES 1997 (Cat. No.97TB100171) Salerno, Italy 13 June 1997 21 29
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Shaping the future of healthcare: ethical clinical challenges and pathways to trustworthy AI
Goktas, P., & Grzybowski, A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14051605 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Hossein‐Zadeh, N. G. (2025) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2025.110395 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Amangeldy, B., Tasmurzayev, N., Imankulov, T., Baigarayeva, Z., Izmailov, N., Riza, T., Abdukarimov, A., Mukazhan, M., & Zhumagulov, B. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25175265 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
AI-driven nanomedicine for cancer theranostics
Tiwari, A., Widodo, Krisnawati, D. I., Chen, C.-Y., & Kuo, T. (2026) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02563-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A systematic review of vision and vision-language foundation models in ophthalmology
Jin, K., Yu, T., Ying, G., Ge, Z., Li, K. Z., Zhou, Y., Shi, D., Wang, M., Göktaş, P., & Grzybowski, A. E. (2025) · Advances in Ophthalmology Practice and Research · doi:10.1016/j.aopr.2025.10.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Xu, X., & Sankar, R. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16100894 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Younesi, A., Oustad, E., Ansari, M., Fahringer, T., & Buyya, R. (2025) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2025.101815 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Factors influencing AI acceptance in radiology: a systematic review across the radiology workflow
Verwey, J., de Zwart, B. H. C., IJzerman, M. J., Visser, J. J., & Sülz, S. (2025) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-025-12129-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Othman, Z. K., Ahmed, M. M., Okesanya, O. J., Ibrahim, A. M., Musa, S. S., Hassan, B. A., Saeed, L. I., & Lucero‐Prisno, D. E. (2025) · Intelligence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ibmed.2025.100233 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
How transdisciplinarity can help biotech-driven biodiversity research
Zhivkoplias, E., da Silva, J. M., & Blasiak, R. (2025) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2025.04.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cascella, M., Pane, C., Pumpo, M. D., Sebastiani, E., Bussa, M., Tagliaferri, A., Brunetti, B., Meloni, P., Bianchini, E., Graziani, P., et al. (2026) · Infectious Agents and Cancer · doi:10.1186/s13027-026-00737-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Витальевич, С. М., Сергеевна, Ч. Е., Turchyn, V. V., Геннадиевич, П. А., Филимонов, Д. А., Burtseva, A., & Ishchenko, R. V. (2025) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging11100371 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leveraging Synthetic Data as a Tool to Combat Bias in Artificial Intelligence (AI) Model Training
Fabuyi, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Engineering Research and Reports · doi:10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i121337 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Review of Patient Health Care Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things
Pise, P. S., & Patil, R. N. (2025) · Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India) Series B · doi:10.1007/s40031-025-01281-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pelletier, A. R., Ramirez, J., Sankar, B. S., Adam, I., Yan, Y., Steinecke, D., Wang, W., Watson, K. E., & Ping, P. (2025) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/67525 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationOu, J., & Holve, E. (2025) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaf081 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“11,12 This gap in evidence underscores the need to augment existing CRI priorities with an emphasis on designing and assessing patient-centered uses of AI applications that strengthen the existing clinical research infrastructure for patient-centered CER.”
Băiaşu, A. F., Rotaru-Zăvăleanu, A. D., Boldea, A. M., Ruscu, M.-A., Şerbănescu, M.-S., & Radu, L. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15093242 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Decoding Emotions: How AI and Machine Learning Unravel the Human Psyche
de Filippis, R., & Foysal, A. A. (2024) · Voice of the Publisher · doi:10.4236/vp.2024.104030
Evaluating the Influence of Demographic Identity in the Medical Use of Large Language ModelsPreprint
Lee, S., Cho, W. I., Park, C., Lee, Y., Park, C., & Ko, T. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.25331072
Palem, T. K. (2025) · International Conference on Advanced Technologies and Interdisciplinary Innovation (ICAT2I) · doi:10.1109/icat2i69744.2025.11472726
Immune BioGraphy: A tale of graphical approaches in systems and virtual immunology
Keshari, S., Chakraborty, T., & Das, J. (2026) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2026.101618
Yu, P., Chen, Y., & Lukita, C. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-2238-2.ch008
Kinzhebay, A., Zhanymbetova, A., & Salybekov, A. A. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1016046
Kollu, B. R., Karumuri, V., Boddireddy, S., & Nedunchezhiyan, S. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-30008-9_2
The invisible risk trust framework: a decentralized consensus protocol for validating medical AI
Shih, P. F. (2026) · Frontiers in Blockchain · doi:10.3389/fbloc.2026.1809318
Sait, A. R. W., & Alkhurayyif, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1812134
- Authors
- Sankar, B. S., Gilliland, D., Rincon, J., Hermjakob, H., Yan, Y., Adam, I., Lemaster, G., Wang, D., Watson, K., Bui, A., Wang, W., & Ping, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- European Bioinformatics Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Wei
- Ping, Peipei
- ORCID
- Venue
- Bioengineering
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-09-29
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 984
- ISSN
- 2306-5354 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11504392
- OpenAlex
- W4402987506
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 0.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Bioengineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- NIH awards
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Keywords
- foundation models, AI ethics, trustworthy AI, clinical translation, translational research, AI stewardship, co-design, stakeholder engagement, AI regulation, clinical decision-making
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review