Natural Photosensitizers in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
Open accessAbstract
Health problems and reduced treatment effectiveness due to antimicrobial resistance have become important global problems and are important factors that negatively affect life expectancy. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is constantly evolving and can minimize this antimicrobial resistance problem. Reactive oxygen species produced when nontoxic photosensitizers are exposed to light are the main functional components of APDT responsible for microbial destruction; therefore, APDT has a broad spectrum of target pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Various photosensitizers, including natural extracts, compounds, and their synthetic derivatives, are being investigated. The main limitations, such as weak antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, solubility, specificity, and cost, encourage the exploration of new photosensitizer candidates. Many additional methods, such as cell surface engineering, cotreatment with membrane-damaging agents, nanotechnology, computational simulation, and sonodynamic therapy, are also being investigated to develop novel APDT methods with improved properties. In this review, we summarize APDT research, focusing on natural photosensitizers used in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. In addition, we describe the limitations observed for natural photosensitizers and the methods developed to counter those limitations with emerging technologies.
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Natural photosensitizers demonstrate advantages over synthetic compounds including lower toxicity to healthy tissues, tissue specificity, broad spectrum of target pathogens, lower incidence of side effects, reduced dark toxicity, and potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance.
“Natural PSs, as opposed to synthetic compounds, demonstrate several advantages including lower toxicity to healthy tissues, tissue specificity, a broad spectrum of target pathogens, a lower incidence of side effects, reduced dark toxicity, and the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance [132,136].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [136]
The Introduction and Conclusions (pages not provided) describe tissue specificity, broad pathogen coverage, and potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance as features of APDT. Section 6 compares natural and synthetic photosensitizers, but does not establish that natural ones have lower toxicity to healthy tissue, fewer side effects, or less dark toxicity than synthetic ones. The claim incorrectly presents APDT-wide properties as comparative advantages of natural photosensitizers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp.
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- Authors
- Polat, E., & Kang, K.
- Affiliations
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kang, Kyungsu
- Venue
- Biomedicines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-05-21
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 584
- ISSN
- 2227-9059 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8224061
- OpenAlex
- W3163507051
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (2E31311)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Keywords
- antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, natural photosensitizers, reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial resistance, Gram-negative bacteria, natural extracts, photosensitizer solubility, cell surface engineering, sonodynamic therapy, nanotechnology, computer simulation, in vivo models
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