COVID-19, isolation, quarantine: on the efficacy of Internet-based eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for ongoing trauma
Open accessAbstract
Literature points to cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as evidence-based therapies for trauma-related disorders. Treatments are typically administered in a vis-à-vis setting with patients reporting symptoms of a previously experienced trauma. Conversely, online-therapies and ongoing trauma have not received adequate attention. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of two brief treatments for health professionals and individuals suffering from the circumstances imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The EMDR and the trauma focused-CBT were administered online during the earliest stage of distress to manage the ongoing trauma associated to quarantine or disease. Thirty-eight patients satisfying the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for acute stress disorder were randomly assigned to the EMDR or CBT treatment. Both groups received a 7-session therapy, and psychometric tests were administered before, after the treatment and at one-month follow-up to assess traumatic symptoms, depression and anxiety. Results revealed that both treatments reduced anxiety by 30%, and traumatic and depressive symptoms by 55%. Present findings indicate the internet-based EMDR and CBT as equally effective brief treatments, also suggesting a maintenance of the effects as indicated by the follow-up evaluation. The EMDR and CBT might be considered as first line therapies to treat the ongoing trauma and to prevent the sensitization and accumulation of trauma memories.
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Other psychotherapeutic approaches such as 2-week online psychotherapy using mindfulness-based stress reduction and positive psychology techniques, and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing for ongoing trauma, have shown efficacies.
“Other psychotherapeutic approaches such as 2-week online psychotherapy using mindfulness-based stress reduction and positive psychology techniques for resilience building,12 and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing for ongoing trauma13 have also shown efficacies.”
From Psychological treatments for the mental health symptoms among individuals infected with COVID-19: a scoping review protocol (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Perri, R., Castelli, P., La Rosa, C., Zucchi, T., & Onofri, A.
- Affiliations
- University Niccolò Cusano (IT)
- De Sanctis Clinical Center, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Zucchi Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Office, Private Practice, Via Giuseppe Catani, 28/C, 59100 Prato, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Perri, Rinaldo
- ORCID
- Perri, Rinaldo
- Venue
- Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-04-30
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 579
- ISSN
- 2076-3425 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8145551
- OpenAlex
- W3158682685
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 7.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- EMDR Europe (2020 – 01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, quarantine, online therapy, EMDR, cognitive behavioral therapy, acute stress disorder, depression, anxiety, trauma symptoms, brief psychotherapy, treatment efficacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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