The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing toward anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Abstract
Background Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been well established as an effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, PTSD has been re-categorized as part of trauma and stressor-related disorders instead of anxiety disorders. We conducted the first meta-analysis on Randomized Controlled Trials to evaluate the effectiveness of EMDR on reducing symptoms of anxiety disorders.Methods A manual and systematic search using various databases and reference lists of systematic review articles published up to December 2018 was conducted. The symptoms of anxiety, phobia, panic, traumatic feelings and behaviors/somatic symptoms were examined. Hedges' g effect sizes were computed, and random effect models were used for all analyses.Results A total of 17 trials with 647 participants were included in this meta-analysis. EMDR was associated with a significant reduction of anxiety (g = -0.71; 95% CI: -0.96 to -0.47), panic (g = -0.62; 95% CI: -1.10 to -0.14), phobia (g = -0.45; 95% CI: -0.81 to -0.08), behavioural/somatic symptoms (g = -0.40; 95% CI: -0.63 to -0.12), but not traumatic feelings (g = -0.48; 95% CI: -1.14 to -0.18). Subgroup analysis revealed greater effects of EMDR if compared to passive control. However, the effects were not significantly different based on the duration, number of therapy sessions, or the number of weekly sessions.Conclusions Our meta-analysis indicates that EMDR is efficacious for reducing symptoms of anxiety, panic, phobia, and behavioural/somatic symptoms. Further research is needed to explore EMDR's long term efficacy on anxiety disorders.
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EMDR therapy focused on past aversive events reduces anxiety symptoms.
“Several randomized controlled trials found that EMDR therapy focused on past aversive events reduces anxiety symptoms [39, 40]”
Preliminary research has shown promising results of clinical interventions that specifically focus on threat imagery in anxiety disorders, such as imagery rescripting or EMDR therapy.
“Preliminary research has also shown promising results of clinical interventions that specifically focus on threat imagery in anxiety disorders, such as imagery rescripting [34–37] or EMDR therapy [38–40].”
The majority of randomized controlled trials on EMDR therapy focused on past aversive events have methodological limitations including risk of bias, small samples, and lack of an active control condition.
“but the majority have methodological limitations, including the risk of bias, small samples, and the lack of an active control condition [38, 40].”
Researcher allegiance bias is problematic in psychotherapy research, including studies about EMDR therapy efficacy in anxiety disorders.
“Researcher allegiance bias is problematic in psychotherapy research [121, 122], including studies about EMDR therapy efficacy in anxiety disorders [38, 40].”
Effect sizes for EMDR therapy, supportive counseling and CBT in anxiety disorders have already been established.
“effect sizes for EMDR therapy, supportive counseling and CBT in anxiety disorders have already been established [9, 38, 40]”
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- Authors
- Yunitri, N., Kao, C.-C., Chu, H., Voss, J., Chiu, H.-L., Liu, D., Shen, S.-T. H., Chang, P.-C., Kang, X. L., & Chou, K.-R.
- Affiliations
- Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta (ID)
- Wan Fang Hospital (TW)
- Tri-Service General Hospital (TW)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Taipei Medical University (TW)
- Taipei Medical University Hospital (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Chou, Kuei-Ru
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 123
- Pages
- 102-113
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3004266565
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- EMDR, anxiety disorders, phobia, panic, somatic symptoms, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, treatment efficacy, psychotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Eye Movements, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing
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