Efficacy of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and anxiety among global population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of a randomized controlled trial study
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Background: Depression and anxiety have become the most common mental health disorders worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic, and increasing interest in telemedicine has led to the innovation of using internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT). Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of iCBT for depression and anxiety among the global population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, ProQuest, Wiley, and Web of Science using the PRISMA framework, and only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the study. A critical appraisal was also performed using Cochrane’s Risk of Bias (RoB) 2. The meta-analysis used random-effects models to analyze pooled mean difference (MD) and its p-value. Results: Twelve RCTs were included for qualitative analysis and nine RCTs, which yielded 6778 patients with depression and 6556 patients with anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic, were included for quantitative analysis. Despite high heterogeneity, all studies had a low risk of bias. Pre- and post-iCBT intervention in the depression forest plot depicts a significant effect (p < 0.00001) with a pooled MD of 4.73 (95% CI: 4.55−4.90), while the pre- and post-iCBT intervention depicts a significant effect (p < 0.00001) with a pooled MD of 4.50 (95% CI: 4.34−4.67). This demonstrates that iCBT was found to significantly decrease depression and anxiety scores in patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, substantial heterogeneity was also found (I2 = 93%; p < 0.00001 and I2 = 90%) for the pre-/post-depression and anxiety forest plots, respectively. Conclusions: This meta-analysis comprises an evidence-based result for iCBT to treat depression and anxiety in the COVID-19 population, as indicated by the significantly lower assessment scores. Delivering iCBT in this situation needs to be considered more extensively, as it has promising results and yields the benefits of technological advancement in psychotherapy.
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Results from systematic reviews indicate that psychological interventions could be effective in the management of EDs in the context of COVID-19 conditions.
“Results from these systematic reviews indicate that psychological interventions could be effective in the management of EDs in the context of COVID-19 conditions, however, some needs are not properly addressed.”
From Unified Protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in people with post COVID-19 condition: study protocol for a multiple baseline n-of-1 trial (2023) · cites this paper as Komariah et al., 2022
The Results (§3.3) and Conclusions (§5; page unavailable) report that internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy reduced depression and anxiety scores during the COVID-19 pandemic. They do not establish effectiveness for EDs (eating disorders), so the claim extends the finding to a condition this review did not study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychological interventions are available in the context of COVID-19 for the general population, students, professionals, informal caregivers, relatives, and COVID-19 patients.
“Different systematic reviews indicated that psychological interventions are available in the context of COVID-19 for the general population and students (D’Onofrio et al., 2022; Komariah et al., 2022), professionals and informal caregivers (Bertuzzi et al., 2021), relatives (Yue et al., 2020), or even COVID-19 patients (Rahmati and Khalili, 2022).”
From Unified Protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in people with post COVID-19 condition: study protocol for a multiple baseline n-of-1 trial (2023) · cites this paper as Komariah et al., 2022
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- Authors
- Komariah, M., Amirah, S., Faisal, E. G., Prayogo, S. A., Maulana, S., Platini, H., Suryani, S., Yosep, I., & Arifin, H.
- Affiliations
- Padjadjaran University (ID)
- University of Indonesia (ID)
- Corresponding author
- Komariah, Maria
- ORCID
- Venue
- Healthcare
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-06-30
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1224
- ISSN
- 2227-9032 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9315502
- OpenAlex
- W4283755660
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 2.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Healthcare (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, depression, anxiety, COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine, digital psychotherapy, psychotherapy, treatment efficacy
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