CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 14Parental Involvement in EducationYouth Development and Social SupportEducational Outcomes and Influences

After-School Behaviors, Self-Management, and Parental Involvement as Predictors of Academic Achievement in Adolescents

Open access
Xiao, Meng, Zuo, Mingzhang, Liu, Xinqi, Wang, Kunyu, Luo, Heng·2025·Behavioral Sciences
DOI 10.3390/bs15020172PMC PMC11851669
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

How adolescents’ after-school behaviors, self-management, and parental involvement are associated with their academic success and personal development has drawn growing attention. This study systematically examined how these three factors predict academic achievement. Data were collected from 353 seventh-grade students through a self-designed daily behavior log sheet and self-management app, and multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify key predictors. The results indicated that academic achievement was positively related to sleep quality, homework duration, self-assessment, and parental involvement, while it was negatively associated with sleep duration, exercise duration, and the number of daily planned tasks. Despite these insights, the study has limitations, including reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce bias, and the use of a cross-sectional design, which precludes determining the temporal sequence of variables and inferring causal relationships. These findings provide valuable insights for educators, parents, and students; they also emphasize the importance of organizing students’ after-school activities effectively, enhancing their self-management competencies, and encouraging active parental involvement in fostering students’ academic success and overall development.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/bs15020172

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 67

  1. Adelantado-Renau M. Beltran-Valls M. R. Migueles J. H. Artero E. G. Legaz-Arrese A. Capdevila-Seder A. Moliner-Urdiales D. Associations between objectively measured and self-reported sleep with academic and cognitive performance in adolescents: DADOS study Journal of Sleep Research 2019 28 4 e12811 10.1111/jsr.12811 30609171 · DOI
  2. Agans J. P. Champine R. B. DeSouza L. M. Mueller M. K. Johnson S. K. Lerner R. M. Activity involvement as an ecological asset: Profiles of participation and youth outcomes Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2014 43 6 919 932 10.1007/s10964-014-0091-1 24510166 · DOI
  3. Al-Abyadh M. H. A. Abdel Azeem H. A. H. Academic achievement: Influences of university students’ self-management and perceived self-efficacy Journal of Intelligence 2022 10 3 55 10.3390/jintelligence10030055 35997411 PMC9396977 · DOI
  4. Alghamdi A. Karpinski A. C. Lepp A. Barkley J. Online and face-to-face classroom multitasking and academic performance: Moderated mediation with self-efficacy for self-regulated learning and gender Computers in Human Behavior 2020 102 214 222 10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.018 · DOI
  5. Almroth M. László K. D. Kosidou K. Galanti M. R. Individual and familial factors predict formation and improvement of adolescents’ academic expectations: A longitudinal study in Sweden PLoS ONE 2020 15 2 e0229505 10.1371/journal.pone.0229505 32092118 PMC7039510 · DOI
  6. Athavale P. Mondal S. Rivera S. Factors influencing success in advanced engineering mathematics courses: A case study Frontiers in Education 2021 6 662380 10.3389/feduc.2021.662380 · DOI
  7. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective Annual Review of Psychology 2001 52 1 26 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1 11148297 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Bogarín A. Cerezo R. Romero C. Discovering learning processes using inductive miner: A case study with learning management systems (LMSs) Psicothema 2018 30 3 322 329 10.7334/psicothema2018.116 30009756 · DOI
  9. Boonk L. Gijselaers H. J. M. Ritzen H. Brand-Gruwel S. A review of the relationship between parental involvement indicators and academic achievement Educational Research Review 2018 24 10 30 10.1016/j.edurev.2018.02.001 · DOI
  10. Bourdieu P. Outline of a theory of practice Cambridge University Press 1977
  11. Bourdieu P. The field of cultural production: Essays on art and literature Columbia University Press 1993
  12. Chaput J.-P. Gray C. E. Poitras V. J. Carson V. Gruber R. Olds T. Weiss S. K. Gorber S. C. Kho M. E. Sampson M. Belanger K. Eryuzlu S. Callender L. Tremblay M. S. Systematic review of the relationships between sleep duration and health indicators in school-aged children and youth Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2016 41 6 S266 S282 10.1139/apnm-2015-0627 27306433 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Chung G. Phillips J. Jensen T. M. Lanier P. Parental involvement and adolescents’ academic achievement: Latent profiles of mother and father warmth as a moderating influence Family Process 2020 59 2 772 788 10.1111/famp.12450 30982962 · DOI
  14. Cooper H. Robinson J. C. Patall E. A. Does homework improve academic achievement? A synthesis of research, 1987–2003 Review of Educational Research 2006 76 1 1 62 10.3102/00346543076001001 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Cui Y. Zhang D. Leung F. K. S. The influence of parental educational involvement in early childhood on 4th grade students’ mathematics achievement Early Education and Development 2021 32 1 113 133 10.1080/10409289.2019.1677131 · DOI
  16. David P. Kim J.-H. Brickman J. S. Ran W. Curtis C. M. Mobile phone distraction while studying New Media & Society 2015 17 10 1661 1679 10.1177/1461444814531692 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Deming D. J. The growing importance of social skills in the labor market The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2017 132 4 1593 1640 10.1093/qje/qjx022 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Diamond A. Executive functions Annual Review of Psychology 2013 64 1 135 168 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 PMC4084861 23020641 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Du S. Hu H. Cheng K. Li H. Exercise makes better mind: A data mining study on effect of physical activity on academic achievement of college students Frontiers in Psychology 2023 14 1271431 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1271431 37908825 PMC10614637 · DOI
  20. Duckworth A. L. Carlson S. M. Bryan W. S. Frederick M. E. G. Ulrich M. Self-regulation and school success Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct Cambridge University Press 2013 208 230
  21. Eccles J. S. Barber B. L. Stone M. Hunt J. Extracurricular activities and adolescent development Journal of Social Issues 2003 59 4 865 889 10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00095.x · DOI · Paper page
  22. Esteban-Cornejo I. Tejero-González C. M. Martinez-Gomez D. Cabanas-Sánchez V. Fernández-Santos J. R. Conde-Caveda J. Sallis J. F. Veiga O. L. UP DOWN Study Group Objectively measured physical activity has a negative but weak association with academic performance in children and adolescents Acta Paediatrica 2014 103 11 e501 e506 10.1111/apa.12757 25048792 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Feraco T. Resnati D. Fregonese D. Spoto A. Meneghetti C. An integrated model of school students’ academic achievement and life satisfaction. Linking soft skills, extracurricular activities, self-regulated learning, motivation, and emotions European Journal of Psychology of Education 2023 38 1 109 130 10.1007/s10212-022-00601-4 PMC8795749 40477547 · DOI
  24. Fredricks J. A. Eccles J. S. Breadth of extracurricular participation and adolescent adjustment among african-american and european-american youth Journal of Research on Adolescence 2010 20 2 307 333 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00627.x 22837637 PMC3403706 · DOI
  25. Gaddis S. M. The influence of habitus in the relationship between cultural capital and academic achievement Social Science Research 2013 42 1 1 13 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.08.002 23146594 · DOI
  26. Gómez-Fonseca A. Genzel L. Sleep and academic performance: Considering amount, quality and timing Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 2020 33 65 71 10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.12.008 · DOI
  27. Gordon M. S. Cui M. The effect of school-specific parenting processes on academic achievement in adolescence and young adulthood Family Relations 2012 61 5 728 741 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00733.x · DOI
  28. Hammouri H. Attitudinal and motivational variables related to mathematics achievement in Jordan: Findings from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Educational Research 2004 46 3 241 257 10.1080/0013188042000277313 · DOI
  29. Hattie J. Visible learning: The sequel: A synthesis of over 2100 meta-analyses relating to achievement Routledge 2023 10.4324/9781003380542 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Hoover-Dempsey K. V. Walker J. M. T. Sandler H. M. Whetsel D. Green C. L. Wilkins A. S. Closson K. Why do parents become involved? research findings and implications The Elementary School Journal 2005 106 2 105 130 10.1086/499194 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Jasim B. J. Evaluation of students’ self-management and academic achievement in the university of baghdad Medico-Legal Update 2020 20 3 578 584 10.37506/v11/i2/2020/ijphrd/195209 · DOI
  32. Klug J. Schultes M.-T. Spiel C. Assessment at school—Teachers’ diary-supported implementation of a training program Teaching and Teacher Education 2018 76 298 308 10.1016/j.tate.2017.10.014 · DOI
  33. Lam C. B. McHale S. M. Time use as cause and consequence of youth development Child Development Perspectives 2015 9 1 20 25 10.1111/cdep.12100 25821514 PMC4371855 · DOI
  34. Larson R. W. Toward a psychology of positive youth development American Psychologist 2000 55 1 170 183 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.170 11392861 · DOI
  35. Lee Y.-F. Hwang G.-J. Chen P.-Y. Impacts of an AI-based chabot on college students’ after-class review, academic performance, self-efficacy, learning attitude, and motivation Educational Technology Research and Development 2022 70 5 1843 1865 10.1007/s11423-022-10142-8 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Lindner K. J. The physical activity participation–academic performance relationship revisited: Perceived and actual performance and the effect of banding (academic tracking) Pediatric Exercise Science 2002 14 2 155 169 10.1123/pes.14.2.155 · DOI
  37. Lishinski A. Yadav A. Self-evaluation interventions: Impact on self-efficacy and performance in introductory programming ACM Transactions on Computing Education 2021 21 3 23 10.1145/3447378 · DOI
  38. Mahoney J. L. Cairns B. D. Farmer T. W. Promoting interpersonal competence and educational success through extracurricular activity participation Journal of Educational Psychology 2003 95 2 409 418 10.1037/0022-0663.95.2.409 · DOI
  39. Marques A. Gómez F. Martins J. Catunda R. Sarmento H. Association between physical education, school-based physical activity, and academic performance: A systematic review Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación 2017 31 316 320
  40. Martínez V. Mon M. A. Álvarez M. Fueyo E. Dobarro A. e-Self-assessment as a strategy to improve the learning process at university Education Research International 2020 2020 1 3454783 10.1155/2020/3454783 · DOI
  41. McGaha V. Fitzpatrick J. Employment, academic and extracurricular contributors to college aspirations Journal of College Admission 2010 207 22 29
  42. Morales-Vives F. Camps E. Dueñas J. M. Predicting academic achievement in adolescents: The role of maturity, intelligence and personality Psicothema 2020 32 1 84 91 10.7334/psicothema2019.262 31954420 · DOI
  43. Moroni S. Dumont H. Trautwein U. Niggli A. Baeriswyl F. The need to distinguish between quantity and quality in research on parental involvement: The example of parental help with homework The Journal of Educational Research 2015 108 5 417 431 10.1080/00220671.2014.901283 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Musshafen L. A. Tyrone R. S. Abdelaziz A. Sims-Gomillia C. E. Pongetti L. S. Teng F. Fletcher L. M. Reneker J. C. Associations between sleep and academic performance in US adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis Sleep Medicine 2021 83 71 82 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.04.015 33991893 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Musso M. F. Hernández C. F. R. Cascallar E. C. Predicting key educational outcomes in academic trajectories: A machine-learning approach Higher Education 2020 80 5 875 894 10.1007/s10734-020-00520-7 · DOI
  46. Patall E. A. Cooper H. Robinson J. C. Parent involvement in homework: A research synthesis Review of Educational Research 2008 78 4 1039 1101 10.3102/0034654308325185 · DOI
  47. Pintrich P. R. A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students Educational Psychology Review 2004 16 4 385 407 10.1007/s10648-004-0006-x · DOI · Paper page
  48. Rahayu I. A. Hardina D. Ninggrum T. S. Self management efforts for working students European Journal of Psychological Research 2024 11 3 72 81
  49. Saunders T. J. Vallance J. K. Screen time and health indicators among children and youth: Current evidence, limitations and future directions Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 2017 15 3 323 331 10.1007/s40258-016-0289-3 27798796 · DOI
  50. Schmid E. Garrels V. Parental involvement and educational success among vulnerable students in vocational education and training Educational Research 2021 63 4 456 473 10.1080/00131881.2021.1988672 · DOI
  51. Sethi J. Scales P. C. Developmental relationships and school success: How teachers, parents, and friends affect educational outcomes and what actions students say matter most Contemporary Educational Psychology 2020 63 101904 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101904 · DOI
  52. Smith T. E. Thompson A. M. Maynard B. R. Self-management interventions for reducing challenging behaviors among school-age students: A systematic review Campbell Systematic Reviews 2022 18 1 e1223 10.1002/cl2.1223 36913185 PMC8902300 · DOI
  53. Stan M. M. Self-Management Skills and Student Achievement—A Pilot Study ATEE 2020-Winter Conference. Teacher Education for Promoting Well-Being in School. Suceava, 2020 LUMEN Publishing September 2021 490 506
  54. Sujarwo S. Herwin H. Parental involvement and student achievement: A meta-analysis of publications in the scopus database International Journal of Instruction 2023 16 2 107 124 10.29333/iji.2023.1627a · DOI
  55. Sun Y. Wang H. Yang C. Exploring the impact of parental involvement on student academic achievement in China 2023 13th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME) Wuyishan, China November 24–26 2023
  56. Trautwein U. The homework-achievement relation reconsidered: Differentiating homework time, homework frequency, and homework effort Learning and Instruction 2007 17 3 372 388 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.02.009 · DOI
  57. Vandell D. L. Simpkins S. D. Pierce K. M. Brown B. B. Bolt D. Reisner E. Afterschool programs, extracurricular activities, and unsupervised time: Are patterns of participation linked to children’s academic and social well-being? Applied Developmental Science 2022 26 3 426 442 10.1080/10888691.2020.1843460 · DOI
  58. Wang H. Chen Y. Yang X. Yu X. Zheng K. Lin Q. Cheng X. He T. Different associations of parental involvement with children’s learning of Chinese, English, and math: A three-wave longitudinal study European Journal of Psychology of Education 2023 38 1 269 285 10.1007/s10212-022-00605-0 PMC8872906 40478096 · DOI
  59. Wang M.-T. Eccles J. S. School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study of school engagement using a multidimensional perspective Learning and Instruction 2013 28 12 23 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.04.002 · DOI
  60. WHO WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour World Health Organization 2020 PMC7719906 33239350
  61. Wilder S. Effects of parental involvement on academic achievement: A meta-synthesis Mapping the field 1st ed. Routledge 2023
  62. Winskel H. Kim T.-H. Kardash L. Belic I. Smartphone use and study behavior: A Korean and Australian comparison Heliyon 2019 5 7 e02158 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02158 31384688 PMC6661454 · DOI
  63. Wolf S. Aber J. L. Morris P. A. Patterns of time use among low-income urban minority adolescents and associations with academic outcomes and problem behaviors Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2015 44 6 1208 1225 10.1007/s10964-015-0294-0 25941119 · DOI
  64. Yan Z. Chiu M. M. Ko P. Y. Effects of self-assessment diaries on academic achievement, self-regulation, and motivation Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 2020 27 5 562 583 10.1080/0969594X.2020.1827221 · DOI
  65. Yang F. Qian Y. Xia Z. Cognitive ability and locus of control: The effect of parental involvement on the academic performance of elementary and secondary school students Current Psychology 2024 43 3 2816 2831 10.1007/s12144-023-04572-7 · DOI
  66. Zhao Z. Ren P. Yang Q. Student self-management, academic achievement: Exploring the mediating role of self-efficacy and the moderating influence of gender—Insights from a survey conducted in 3 universities in america Journal of Integrated Social Sciences and Humanities 2024 1 1 1 12 10.62836/jissh.v1i1.159 · DOI
  67. Zhu M. Bonk C. J. Doo M. Y. Self-directed learning in MOOCs: Exploring the relationships among motivation, self-monitoring, and self-management Educational Technology Research and Development 2020 68 5 2073 2093 10.1007/s11423-020-09747-8 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Xiao, M., Zuo, M., Liu, X., Wang, K., & Luo, H.
Affiliations
Central China Normal University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Zuo, Mingzhang
  • Luo, Heng
ORCID
Venue
Behavioral Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-02-06
Volume
15
Issue
2
Pages
172
ISSN
2076-328X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/bs15020172
PMC
PMC11851669
OpenAlex
W4407223015
Cited by
14
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 2
FWCI
17.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Behavioral Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Institute of Curriculum and Textbook Research under the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (JCSZD2024KCZX006)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Youth Development and Social Support
  • Social Sciences › Education › Educational Outcomes and Influences
Keywords
self-management, parental involvement, academic performance, adolescents, sleep quality, self-assessment, physical activity, seventh grade students

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review