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Cited by 28Multiple Myeloma Research and TreatmentsChronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ResearchProtein Degradation and Inhibitors

How to Manage Patients with Lenalidomide-Refractory Multiple Myeloma

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de Arriba de la Fuente, Felipe, Montes Gaisán, Carmen, de la Rubia Comos, Javier·2022·Cancers
DOI 10.3390/cancers15010155PMC PMC9818178
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Abstract

Although lenalidomide-based combinations, such as lenalidomide plus a proteasome inhibitor or an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, improve the overall response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival of patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), there is a tendency to use these regimens as a frontline treatment. This strategy has led to the development of refractoriness early in the disease course, usually after the patient’s first treatment. Since lenalidomide-free regimens have so far shown limited efficacy in lenalidomide-refractory patients, there is an unmet need for other treatment options. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic options available to treat the general population of lenalidomide-refractory patients (mono, double and triple refractory) and the subpopulation of patients with other high-risk features such as renal failure, extramedullary disease, and high-risk cytogenetics. Moreover, new promising individual therapies and the possible impact of immunotherapy in RRMM patients are debated.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
de Arriba de la Fuente, F., Montes Gaisán, C., & de la Rubia Comos, J.
Affiliations
  • Haematology and Medical Oncology Department, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain
  • Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Cantabria, Spain
  • Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe and Universidad Católica “San Vicente Mártir”, CIBERONC CB16/12/00284, 46001 Valencia, Spain
ORCID
de la Rubia Comos, Javier
Venue
Cancers
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-12-27
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
155
ISSN
2072-6694 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/cancers15010155
PMC
PMC9818178
OpenAlex
W4313414882
Cited by
28
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2
FWCI
0.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cancers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Medical Science Consulting
  • Sanofi
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
Keywords
lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma, relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, lenalidomide, proteasome inhibitors, anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, renal failure, extramedullary disease, high-risk cytogenetics, immunotherapy, treatment options

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