The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Review of Power Distribution Test Feeders in the United States and the Need for Synthetic Representative Networks
Open accessAbstract
Under the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources and new smart network technologies, distribution utilities face new challenges and opportunities to ensure reliable operations, manage service quality, and reduce operational and investment costs. Simultaneously, the research community is developing algorithms for advanced controls and distribution automation that can help to address some of these challenges. However, there is a shortage of realistic test systems that are publically available for development, testing, and evaluation of such new algorithms. Concerns around revealing critical infrastructure details and customer privacy have severely limited the number of actual networks published and that are available for testing. In recent decades, several distribution test feeders and US-featured representative networks have been published, but the scale, complexity, and control data vary widely. This paper presents a first-of-a-kind structured literature review of published distribution test networks with a special emphasis on classifying their main characteristics and identifying the types of studies for which they have been used. This both aids researchers in choosing suitable test networks for their needs and highlights the opportunities and directions for further test system development. In particular, we highlight the need for building large-scale synthetic networks to overcome the identified drawbacks of current distribution test feeders.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These models are less suitable for EV impact studies as the overall design and data available were published for specific issues [14].”
From Optimized Integration of Electric Vehicles in Low Voltage Distribution Grids (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Low-voltage grids have large variations in their design [18].”
From A large-scale high-resolution geographic analysis of impacts of electric vehicle charging on low-voltage grids (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The size of the network should be considered in order to have reliable results because small-scale networks miss heterogeneity [14].”
From Optimized Integration of Electric Vehicles in Low Voltage Distribution Grids (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid
Clement-Nyns, K., Haesen, E., & Driesen, J. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2036481 · Cited by 2,847
Radial distribution test feeders
Kersting, W. H. (1991) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/59.119237 · Cited by 1,912
Analytic Considerations and Design Basis for the IEEE Distribution Test Feeders
Schneider, K. P., Mather, B. A., Pal, B. C., Ten, C., Shirek, G. J., Zhu, H., Fuller, J., Pereira, J. L. R., Ochoa, L. F., de Araújo, L. R., et al. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2017.2760011 · Cited by 715
Self-citationDistributed Optimal Power Flow for Smart Microgrids
Dall’Anese, E., Zhu, H., & Giannakis, G. B. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2013.2248175 · Cited by 705
Assessment of Energy Distribution Losses for Increasing Penetration of Distributed Generation
MendezQuezada, V. H., RivierAbbad, J., & Román, T. G. S. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2006.873115 · Cited by 618
Jang, S.-I., & Kim, K. H. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery · doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2003.822964 · Cited by 592
An open source platform for collaborating on smart grid research
Dugan, R. C., & McDermott, T. E. (2011) · 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pes.2011.6039829 · Cited by 533
Distributed Volt/VAr Control by PV Inverters
Jahangiri, P., & Aliprantis, D. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2013.2256375 · Cited by 477
The impact of vehicle-to-grid on the distribution grid
Clement-Nyns, K., Haesen, E., & Driesen, J. (2010) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2010.08.007 · Cited by 434
Evaluating Distributed Generation Impacts With a Multiobjective Index
Ochoa, L. F., Padilha‐Feltrin, A., & Harrison, G. P. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery · doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2005.860262 · Cited by 384
Li, Y., & Li, Y. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2010.2095046 · Cited by 366
A Protection Strategy and Microprocessor-Based Relay for Low-Voltage Microgrids
Zamani, M., Sidhu, T. S., & Yazdani, A. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery · doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2011.2120628 · Cited by 324
Steady-State Analysis of Maximum Photovoltaic Penetration Levels on Typical Distribution Feeders
Hoke, A., Butler, R., Hambrick, J. C., & Kroposki, B. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1109/tste.2012.2225115 · Cited by 268
Khushalani, S., Solanki, J. M., & Schulz, N. N. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2007.901476 · Cited by 219
The IEEE 8500-node test feeder
Arritt, R. F., & Dugan, R. C. (2010) · IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition · doi:10.1109/tdc.2010.5484381 · Cited by 186
Modern Grid Initiative Distribution Taxonomy (Final Report)
USDOE, Schneider, K. P., Chen, Y., Chassin, D. P., Pratt, R., Engel, D., & Thompson, S. E. (2008) · doi:10.2172/1040684 · Cited by 185
Venkatesan, N., Solanki, J. M., & Solanki, S. K. (2012) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.12.076 · Cited by 183
A Reference Network Model for Large-Scale Distribution Planning With Automatic Street Map Generation
Mateo, C., Román, T. G. S., Miralles, Á. S., Gonzalez, J. P. P., & Martinez, A. C. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2010.2052077 · Cited by 171
Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid
Arritt, R. F., & Dugan, R. C. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2011.2168932 · Cited by 166
Yuan, Z., & Hesamzadeh, M. R. (2017) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.042 · Cited by 166
A Review of Agent and Service-Oriented Concepts Applied to Intelligent Energy Systems
Vrba, P., Mařı́k, V., Siano, P., Leitão, P., Zhabelova, G., Vyatkin, V. V., & Strasser, T. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2014.2326411 · Cited by 158
Integral Planning of Primary–Secondary Distribution Systems Using Mixed Integer Linear Programming
Paiva, P. C., Khodr, H. M., Dominguez-Navarro, J. A., Yusta, J. M., & Urdaneta, A. J. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2005.846108 · Cited by 126
Timbus, A., Larsson, M., & Yuen, C. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2009.2017123 · Cited by 124
Multi-State Load Models for Distribution System Analysis
Schneider, K. P., Fuller, J., & Chassin, D. P. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2011.2132154 · Cited by 117
Optimal Distribution System Horizon Planning–Part I: Formulation
Fletcher, R. H., & Strunz, K. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2007.895173 · Cited by 102
A Taxonomy of North American radial distribution feeders
Schneider, K. P., Chen, Y., Engle, D., & Chassin, D. P. (2009) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pes.2009.5275900 · Cited by 91
Developing benchmark models for low-voltage distribution feeders
Strunz, K., Fletcher, R. H., Campbell, R., & Gao, F. (2009) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pes.2009.5260227 · Cited by 48
IEEE 342-node low voltage networked test system
Schneider, K. P., Phanivong, P., & Lacroix, J.-S. (2014) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pesgm.2014.6939794 · Cited by 46
Detailed end use load modeling for distribution system analysis
Schneider, K. P., & Fuller, J. (2010) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pes.2010.5588151 · Cited by 45
Optimal integrated planning of MV–LV distribution systems using DPSO
Ziari, I., Ledwich, G. F., & Ghosh, A. (2011) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2011.05.015 · Cited by 45
Virtual frequency-voltage frame control of inverter based low voltage microgrid
Li, Y., & Li, Y. (2009) · IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC) · doi:10.1109/epec.2009.5420973 · Cited by 45
Hooshyar, H., Mahmood, F., Vanfretti, L., & Baudette, M. (2015) · Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.segan.2015.06.002 · Cited by 37
Kim, I., Harley, R. G., Regassa, R., & del Valle, Y. (2015) · Clemson University Power Systems Conference · doi:10.1109/psc.2015.7101709 · Cited by 33
The neutral-to-earth voltage (NEV) test case and distribution system analysis
Sunderman, W., Dugan, R. C., & Dorr, D. (2008) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pes.2008.4596812 · Cited by 31
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), G., Palmintier, B. S., Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S) USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy, D., Giraldez, J., Gruchalla, K., Gotseff, P., Nagarajan, A., Harris, T., Bugbee, B., et al. (2016) · doi:10.2172/1331479 · Cited by 31
Self-citationA comprehensive distribution test feeder
Kersting, W. H. (2010) · IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition · doi:10.1109/tdc.2010.5484418 · Cited by 30
PV interconnection risk analysis through distribution system impact signatures and feeder zones
Reno, M. J., Coogan, K., Grijalva, S., Broderick, R., & Quiroz, J. (2014) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pesgm.2014.6939028 · Cited by 29
Wieserman, L., & McDermott, T. E. (2014) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2014.6953752 · Cited by 27
Roadmap for the IEEE PES test feeders
Dugan, R. C., Kersting, W. H., Carneiro, S., Arritt, R. F., & McDermott, T. E. (2009) · IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition · doi:10.1109/psce.2009.4840231 · Cited by 27
Reliability analysis of distribution systems considering service restoration
Xu, Y., Liu, C., & Gao, H. (2015) · IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT) · doi:10.1109/isgt.2015.7131800 · Cited by 25
Horton, R., Sunderman, W., Arritt, R. F., & Dugan, R. C. (2011) · IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition · doi:10.1109/psce.2011.5772574 · Cited by 24
Optimal Distribution Network Design Using Genetic Algorithms
Türkay, B. E., & Artaç, T. (2005) · Electric Power Components and Systems · doi:10.1080/15325000590505028 · Cited by 24
Power System Models, Objectives and Constraints in Optimal Power Flow Calculations
Bacher, R. (1993) · Physica-Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-12646-2_8 · Cited by 24
Potential impacts of aggregator-controlled plug-in electric vehicles on distribution systems
Wu, D. X., Cai, C., & Aliprantis, D. (2011) · IEEE International Workshop on Computational Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing · doi:10.1109/camsap.2011.6135898 · Cited by 19
Kays, J., & Rehtanz, C. (2016) · IET Generation Transmission & Distribution · doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0825 · Cited by 18
Optimal Planning of Communication System of CPS for Distribution Network
Yang, T., Huang, Z., Pen, H., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · Journal of Sensors · doi:10.1155/2017/9303989 · Cited by 17
Variz, A. M., Pereira, J. L. R., Carneiro, S., & Barbosa, P. G. (2009) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pes.2009.5275758 · Cited by 17
Development of an agent-based distribution test feeder with smart-grid functionality
Jahangiri, P., Wu, D. X., Li, W., Aliprantis, D., & Tesfatsion, L. S. (2012) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pesgm.2012.6345084 · Cited by 16
Synthetic medium voltage grids for the assessment of Smart Grid techniques
Rui, H., Arnold, M., & Wellßow, W. H. (2012) · IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe · doi:10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465639 · Cited by 14
A test feeder for DG protection analysis
McDermott, T. E. (2011) · IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition · doi:10.1109/psce.2011.5772608 · Cited by 14
Kim, I., & Harley, R. G. (2015) · North American Power Symposium (NAPS) · doi:10.1109/naps.2015.7335204 · Cited by 9
Consideration of innovative distribution grid operation concepts in the planning process
Kays, J., Seack, A., & Häger, U. (2016) · IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe · doi:10.1109/isgteurope.2016.7856331 · Cited by 2
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Rodriguez-Calvo, A. (2017). Scalability and Replicability of the Impact of Smart Grid Solutions on Distribution Networks. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Pontificia Comillas].
- Kersting, W.H. (February, January 28). Radial distribution test feeders. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37194), Columbus, OH, USA.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An Enhanced IEEE 33 Bus Benchmark Test System for Distribution System Studies
Dolatabadi, S. H., Ghorbanian, M., Siano, P., & Hatziargyriou, N. D. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2020.3038030 · Cited by 472
Caballero-Peña, J., Cadena-Zarate, C., Parrado-Duque, A., & Osma-Pinto, G. A. (2021) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107900 · Cited by 131
Blockchain based uniform price double auctions for energy markets
Foti, M., & Vavalis, M. (2019) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113604 · Cited by 124
Non-synthetic European low voltage test system
Koirala, A., Suárez-Ramón, L., Mohamed, B., & Arboleya, P. (2020) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105712 · Cited by 102
European representative electricity distribution networks
Mateo, C., Prettico, G., Gómez, T., Cossent, R., Gangale, F., Frías, P., & Fulli, G. (2018) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.01.027 · Cited by 84
Metadata
- Authors
- Postigo Marcos, F., Mateo Domingo, C., Gómez San Román, T., Palmintier, B., Hodge, B.-M., Krishnan, V., De Cuadra García, F., & Mather, B.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Research in Technology (IIT), Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid 28015, Spain
- National Laboratory of the Rockies (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-11-18
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1896
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2768772793
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 3.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC36-08GO28308)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid and Power Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Power System Optimization and Stability
- Keywords
- distribution networks, test system design, distributed energy resources, distribution automation, control data, network classification, distribution utilities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
