Comparative life cycle energy and GHG emission analysis for BEVs and PhEVs: a case study in China
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Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are seen as the most promising alternatives to internal combustion vehicles, as a means to reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector. To provide the basis for preferable decisions among these vehicle technologies, an environmental benefit evaluation should be conducted. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) are two most often applied batteries to power these vehicles. Given this context, this study aims to compare life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of BEVs and PHEVs, both of which are powered by LFP and NMC batteries. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses are conducted, concerning electricity generation mix, lifetime mileage, utility factor, and battery recycling. BEVs are found to be less emission-intensive than PHEVs given the existing and near-future electricity generation mix in China, and the energy consumption and GHG emissions of a BEV are about 3.04% (NMC) to 9.57% (LFP) and 15.95% (NMC) to 26.32% (LFP) lower, respectively, than those of a PHEV.
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Results falling outside of the whisker values of Fig. 5, such as 53 (Yu et al., 2018) or 20 (Xiong et al., 2019) kg CO2-eq kWh-1 for LIBs produced in China, have been reported to exhibit life cycle inventory inconsistencies.
“Results falling outside of the whisker values of Fig. 5, such as 53 (Yu et al., 2018) or 20 (Xiong et al., 2019) kg CO 2 -eq kWh -1 for LIBs produced in China, have been reported to exhibit life cycle inventory inconsistencies (Kallitsis et al., 2020).”
From Think global act local: The dependency of global lithium-ion battery emissions on production location and material sources (2024) · cites this paper as Xiong et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Xiong, S., Ji, J., & Ma, X.
- Affiliations
- Peking University (CN)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ji, Junping
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-03-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 834
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2918714724
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 4.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Vehicle emissions and performance
- Keywords
- battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, life cycle energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, lithium iron phosphate batteries, electricity mix, battery recycling, utility factor, China
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