Stationary, Second Use Battery Energy Storage Systems and Their Applications: A Research Review
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The global demand for electricity is rising due to the increased electrification of multiple sectors of economic activity and an increased focus on sustainable consumption. Simultaneously, the share of cleaner electricity generated by transient, renewable sources such as wind and solar energy is increasing. This has made additional buffer capacities for electrical grids necessary. Battery energy storage systems have been investigated as storage solutions due to their responsiveness, efficiency, and scalability. Storage systems based on the second use of discarded electric vehicle batteries have been identified as cost-efficient and sustainable alternatives to first use battery storage systems. Large quantities of such batteries with a variety of capacities and chemistries are expected to be available in the future, as electric vehicles are more widely adopted. These batteries usually still possess about 80% of their initial capacity and can be used in storage solutions for high-energy as well as high-power applications, and even hybrid solutions encompassing both. There is, however, no holistic review of current research on this topic. This paper first identifies the potential applications for second use battery energy storage systems making use of decommissioned electric vehicle batteries and the resulting sustainability gains. Subsequently, it reviews ongoing research on second use battery energy storage systems within Europe and compares it to similar activities outside Europe. This review indicates that research in Europe focuses mostly on “behind-the-meter” applications such as minimising the export of self-generated electricity. Asian countries, especially China, use spent batteries for stationary as well as for mobile applications. In developing countries, off-grid applications dominate. Furthermore, the paper identifies economic, environmental, technological, and regulatory obstacles to the incorporation of repurposed batteries in second use battery energy storage systems and lists the developments needed to allow their future uptake. This review thus outlines the technological state-of-the-art and identifies areas of future research on second use battery energy storage systems.
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Reuse faces issues from reliability, economy, regulatory, and competitive advantages.
“Despite having an additional value, reuse faces issues from reliability, economy, regulatory, and competitive advantages [58].”
From Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain and Critical Materials: A Brief Survey of State of the Art (2023) · cites this paper as [58]
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Design strategies and challenges of next generation aqueous Zn-organic batteries
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Electrifying tensions: Stakeholder narratives to electrification of industry and transport in Sweden
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A System Dynamics Costing Model for The Refurbishment of Electric Vehicle Batteries
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A multi-objective analysis of grid-connected local renewable energy systems for industrial SMEs
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Charge Diagnostics and State Estimation of Battery Energy Storage Systems Through Transformer Models
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Empowering tomorrow: Overview of revolution battery technology, charging paradigms and diagnostics
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Implementation of a Smart Battery Based on the Dc/Dc Boost Converter
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Energy storage systems in the context of Nepal
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On the Convergence of Electric Mobility and Energy Systems– Potentials and Challenges
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Process and model of a chemically buffered supported liquid membrane system for cobalt extraction
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Waste Prevention for Energy Storage Devices Based on Second‐Life Use of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
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The Second Life of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Batteries Methodology of Implementation in Ecuador
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Efficiency and profitability of second life automotive batteries for renewable sources power plants
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Optimal Control of Mobile Energy Storage via Knowledge‐Guided Deep Reinforcement Learning
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Offset Compensation Network: Improving the Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems
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Variable-Gain State-of-Charge Balancing Method for Smart Battery Packs
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A Simulation Platform for Dynamic Equalization Analysis in Second-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries
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IBEMOB·22. Proceedings of 1º Iberoamerican Workshop on Electromobility
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Comparative Study of Aging-Aware Control Strategies for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Battery Systems
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Building a circular battery economy: Insights on progress in Norway
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Design of a Robust Controller for Bidirectional DC-DC Converters Using Linear Matrix Inequalities
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Feasible profile generation for ancillary services using electric vehicle batteries
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Spectral analysis of electrochemical noise for battery diagnostics under different loads
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- Authors
- Faessler, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Agder (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Faessler, Bernhard
- ORCID
- Faessler, Bernhard
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-04-20
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2335
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3156670477
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Power Systems and Renewable Energy
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Keywords
- stationary energy storage, battery recycling, off-grid applications, renewable energy integration
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