Direct CO2 Hydrogenation over Bifunctional Catalysts to Produce Dimethyl Ether—A Review
Open accessAbstract
Hydrogenation of CO2 represents a promising pathway for converting it into valuable hydrocarbons and clean fuels like dimethyl ether (DME). Despite significant research, several challenges persist, including a limited understanding of reaction mechanisms, thermodynamics, the necessity for catalyst design to enhance DME selectivity, and issues related to catalyst deactivation. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies from 2012 to 2023, covering various aspects of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and DME. This review primarily focuses on advancing the development of efficient, selective, and stable innovative catalysts for this purpose. Recent investigations that have extensively explored heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation were summarized. A notable focus is on Cu-based catalysts modified with promoters such as Zn, Zr, Fe, etc. Additionally, this context delves into thermodynamic considerations, the impact of reaction variables, reaction mechanisms, reactor configurations, and recent technological advancements, such as 3D-printed catalysts. Furthermore, the paper examines the influence of different parameters on catalyst deactivation. The review offers insights into direct CO2 hydrogenation to DME and proposes paths for future investigation, aiming to address current challenges and advance the field.
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Alternative pathways to e-diesel and e-kerosene include the hydrocracking of heavier waxes produced during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or potentially routes via e-methanol as an intermediate.
“Alternative pathways to e-diesel and e-kerosene include the hydrocracking of heavier waxes produced during F-T synthesis [290] or potentially routes via e-methanol as an intermediate [285].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [285]
E-methanol is synthesized by reacting green hydrogen with captured CO2, with renewable electricity being crucial for producing the hydrogen and potentially for powering the direct CO2 hydrogenation process.
“Emethanol, for example, is synthesized by reacting green hydrogen with captured CO 2 , with renewable electricity being crucial for producing the hydrogen and potentially for powering the direct CO 2 hydrogenation process [285].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [285]
Reacting CO2 with H2 can yield a range of gaseous and liquid low-carbon fuels, including methane, methanol, dimethyl ether, and higher-value liquid e-Fuels like synthetic gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
“Reacting CO 2 with H 2 can yield a range of gaseous and liquid low-carbon fuels, including methane, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), and higher-value liquid e-Fuels like synthetic gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel [285].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [285]
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Activation of CO, CO2, and H2 Toward Synthetic Fuel Manufacture by Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
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- Authors
- Ebrahimian, S., & Bhattacharya, S.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Bhattacharya, Sankar
- ORCID
- Bhattacharya, Sankar
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-07-26
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 3701
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4401015117
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 258
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Monash University scholarships for Samira Ebrahimian
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Carbon dioxide utilization in catalysis
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Keywords
- CO2 hydrogenation, dimethyl ether, bifunctional catalysts, heterogeneous catalysis, Cu-based catalysts, catalyst promoters, methanol synthesis, reaction mechanism, thermodynamics, catalyst deactivation, 3D-printed catalysts, reactor configuration, DME selectivity
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