Cited by 312Thermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesCatalysis and Hydrodesulfurization StudiesPetroleum Processing and Analysis

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A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels

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Ramirez, Jerome, Brown, Richard, Rainey, Thomas·2015·Energies

DOI 10.3390/en8076765

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Abstract

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) presents a viable route for converting a vast range of materials into liquid fuel, without the need for pre-drying. Currently, HTL studies produce bio-crude with properties that fall short of diesel or biodiesel standards. Upgrading bio-crude improves the physical and chemical properties to produce a fuel corresponding to diesel or biodiesel. Properties such as viscosity, density, heating value, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur content, and chemical composition can be modified towards meeting fuel standards using strategies such as solvent extraction, distillation, hydrodeoxygenation and catalytic cracking. This article presents a review of the upgrading technologies available, and how they might be used to make HTL bio-crude into a transportation fuel that meets current fuel property standards.

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See all 312

Authors: Ramirez, J., Brown, R., & Rainey, T.
Affiliations: Queensland University of Technology (AU)
Corresponding author: Rainey, Thomas
ORCID: Ramirez, Jerome
Brown, Richard
Rainey, Thomas
Venue: Energies
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2015-07-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 7
Pages: 6765-6794
ISSN: 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/en8076765
OpenAlex: W1541597190
Cited by: 312
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 10.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Science & Engineering Faculty
Topics: Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Petroleum Processing and Analysis
Keywords: hydrothermal liquefaction, biocrude, biofuel upgrading, transportation fuels, biodiesel standards, hydrodeoxygenation, catalytic cracking, solvent extraction, distillation, fuel properties

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A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels

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