Psychological effects of green experiences in a virtual environment: a systematic review
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As mental health issues increase worldwide, nature-based experiences are being recognized as alternative treatments for improving health and well-being. Increasing urbanization precludes many people from accessing green spaces owing to time or physical limitations. Therefore, opportunities to connect with nature through virtual technology is being encouraged. We conducted a systematic review of studies on the psychological effects of experiencing nature using virtual technology. We searched the academic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for relevant studies and assessed their quality using Cochrane’s RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools. Twenty-one studies were included and the psychological outcomes were negatively synthesized by the intervention characteristics (duration, observation position of the landscape, interaction, environment description, and sensory type). Psychological outcomes were classified into emotional recovery, cognitive recovery, stress reduction, and other indicators. Emotional recovery was most consistently presented, and virtual natural contact alleviated negative emotions more than it elicited positive emotions. Additionally, virtual nature interventions lasting more than 10 min showed more consistent effects than those of less than 10 min. Moreover, an open field of view led to significant emotional recovery and an in-forest view led to significant cognitive recovery. Despite some limitations, our findings will contribute to the development of virtual forest experiences to improve human well-being.
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Exposure to real and virtual environments with natural elements can enhance people's well-being and resources.
“The environments that have been extensively studied for their restorative properties are the natural ones, and it is well known that the exposure to real and virtual environments with natural elements can enhance people’s well-being and people’ resources (Berto, 2005; Lee et al., 2022).”
From Perceived restorativeness and environment quality in relation to well-being, residential satisfaction, and sense of community: an analysis in Northeast Italy (2025) · cites this paper as Lee et al., 2022
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From Prompt to Presence: Co-Creating Personalised Emotional Sanctuaries in VR with Generative AI
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Relaxation offered by nearby natural environments differs by socioeconomic status
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- Authors
- Lee, M., Kim, E., Choe, J., Choi, S., Ha, S., & Kim, G.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Forestry Science (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Geonwoo
- Venue
- Forests
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-10-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1625
- ISSN
- 1999-4907 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4303644997
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Forests (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- virtual reality, green space access, nature-based interventions, psychological well-being, emotional recovery, cognitive recovery, stress reduction, virtual forest, field of view, urbanization, mental health
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