Inducing physiological stress recovery with sounds of nature in a virtual reality forest — results from a pilot study
Abstract
Experimental research on stress recovery in natural environments is limited, as is study of the effect of sounds of nature. After inducing stress by means of a virtual stress test, we explored physiological recovery in two different virtual natural environments (with and without exposure to sounds of nature) and in one control condition. Cardiovascular data and saliva cortisol were collected. Repeated ANOVA measurements indicated parasympathetic activation in the group subjected to sounds of nature in a virtual natural environment, suggesting enhanced stress recovery may occur in such surroundings. The group that recovered in virtual nature without sound and the control group displayed no particular autonomic activation or deactivation. The results demonstrate a potential mechanistic link between nature, the sounds of nature, and stress recovery, and suggest the potential importance of virtual reality as a tool in this research field.
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Exposure to visual and audible impressions from tranquil natural environments increases heart rate variability as a sign of increased parasympathetic nervous activity.
“Studies, where human subjects are exposed to visual and audible impressions from tranquil natural environments, also show that the heart rate variability increases as a sign of increased parasympathetic nervous activity (Annerstedt et al., 2013; Grahn and van den Bosch, 2014).”
From The Oxytocinergic System as a Mediator of Anti-stress and Instorative Effects Induced by Nature: The Calm and Connection Theory (2021) · cites this paper as Annerstedt et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Annerstedt, M., Jönsson, P., Wallergård, M., Johansson, G., Karlson, B., Grahn, P., Hansen, Å. M., & Währborg, P.
- Affiliations
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- Lund University (SE)
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Annerstedt, Matilda
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 118
- Pages
- 240-250
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054198335
- Cited by
- 647
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 10.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Broadleaves for the Future, Ljudmiljöcentrum Lund University
- Work Science, Business Economics and Environmental Psychology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Noise Effects and Management
- Keywords
- stress recovery, natural sounds, virtual reality, virtual forest, nature exposure, parasympathetic activation, cardiovascular reactivity, salivary cortisol, autonomic nervous system
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anxiety, Birds, Environment, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Middle Aged, Photic Stimulation, Pilot Projects, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, User-Computer Interface, Water, Nature, Young Adult
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