What Is Safe and How Much Does It Matter? Food Vendors’ and Consumers’ Views on Food Safety in Urban Nigeria
Open accessAbstract
This study examines the food safety beliefs of vendors and consumers in a mid-sized Nigerian city using data from in-depth interviews and cognitive mapping techniques drawn from ethnography. We examine vendors' and consumers' perspectives on which foods are safe, which are not, and why; the place of foodborne illness among other health concerns and motivators of food choice; and how salient food safety is as a concern for vendors. The main perceived causes of unsafe food were found to be chemicals and insects; while bacterial illnesses were widely mentioned as a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms, these were not necessarily linked to food in consumers' minds. Respondents agreed strongly that certain foods (e.g., cowpea, beef, green leafy vegetables, and local rice) were less safe than others. The importance of food safety as a choice motivator among consumers varies depending on framing: when asked directly, it was prominent and closely related to visible cleanliness, but concerns about food safety competed in consumers' minds against other salient motivators of food and vendor choice, such as price. Most vendors did not see food safety, cleanliness, or hygiene as a key trait of a successful vendor, and just over half of vendors had any concern about the safety of their food. In conclusion, we note the implications for intervention designs, particularly the need to build upon consumers' and vendors' current beliefs and practices related to food safety in order to make foodborne disease prevention a more salient concern in food choice.
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- Authors
- Nordhagen, S., Lee, J., Onuigbo-Chatta, N., Okoruwa, A., Monterrosa, E., Lambertini, E., & Pelto, G. H.
- Affiliations
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (CH)
- Independent Researcher, Toronto, ON M6G 2K4, Canada
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nordhagen, Stella
- ORCID
- Venue
- Foods
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-01-14
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 225
- ISSN
- 2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8774326
- OpenAlex
- W4206279533
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 3.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- United States Agency for International Development (7200AA19CA00010)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- food safety beliefs, food vendors, food consumers, food poisoning, food choice, food hygiene, cleanliness, food safety interventions, Nigeria
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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