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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Maritime Pine Residues with Deep Eutectic Solvents
Open accessAbstract
Deep eutectic solvents represent an important alternative in the field of green solvents due to their low volatility, non-toxicity, and low synthesis cost. In the present investigation, we propose the production of enriched polyphenolic extracts from maritime pine forest residues via an ultrasound-assisted approach. A Box–Behnken experimental design with a response surface methodology was used with six variables to be optimized: solid-to-solvent ratio, water percentage, temperature and time of extraction, amplitude, and catalyst concentration. The mixture of levulinic and formic acids achieved the highest extraction yield of polyphenols from pine needle and bark biomass. In addition, the solid-to-solvent ratio was found to be the only influential variable in the extraction (p-value: 0.0000). The optimal conditions were established as: 0.1 g of sample in 10 mL of LA:FA (70:30%, v/v) with 0% water and 0 M H2SO4 heated to 30 °C and extracted during 40 min with an ultrasound amplitude of 80% at 37 kHz. The bioactive properties of polyphenol-enriched extracts have been proven with significant antioxidant (45.90 ± 2.10 and 66.96 ± 2.75 mg Trolox equivalents/g dw) and antimicrobial activities. The possibility to recycle and reuse the solvent was also demonstrated; levulinic acid was successfully recovered from the extracts and reused in novel extractions on pine residues. This research shows an important alternative to obtaining polyphenol-enriched extracts from forest residues that are commonly discarded without any clear application, thus opening an important window toward the valorization of such residues.
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“In addition, the combined effect of ultrasonic energy and the unique solvent properties of DESs enables faster and more efficient extraction compared with conventional extraction methods [32,33].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
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“Therefore, various extraction methods have been applied to increase phenolic extraction yield from wood bark, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) [54,55], microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) [56], Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1383 3 of 38 pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction [57,58],…”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Duarte, H., Gomes, V., Aliaño-González, M. J., Faleiro, L., Romano, A., & Medronho, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Algarve (PT)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Mid Sweden University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Medronho, Bruno
- Venue
- Foods
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-11-22
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 3754
- ISSN
- 2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9738461
- OpenAlex
- W4309592940
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 3.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RODIN (Universidad de Cádiz) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Funds (UIDB/05183/2020, PTDC/ASP-SIL/30619/2017, CEECIND/01014/2018)
- FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology (UIDB/05183/2020, PTDC/ASP-SIL/30619/2017, CEECIND/01014/2018)
- researcher (UIDB/05183/2020, PTDC/ASP-SIL/30619/2017, CEECIND/01014/2018)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Keywords
- ultrasound-assisted extraction, polyphenols, deep eutectic solvents, levulinic acid, formic acid, pine needles, pine bark, biomass valorization, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, solvent recovery, extraction optimization
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