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Key Risk Factors Affecting Farmers’ Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Recently, concern has increased globally over farmers’ mental health issues. We present a systematic review of the outcomes, locations, study designs, and methods of current studies on farmers’ mental health. In particular, this review aims to fill an important gap in understanding of the potential key risk factors affecting farmers’ mental health around the world. 167 articles on farmer mental health were included in a final systematic review using a standardized electronic literature search strategy and PRISMA guidelines. The four most-cited influences on farmers’ mental health in the reviewed literature respectively were pesticide exposure, financial difficulties, climate variabilities/drought, and poor physical health/past injuries. The majority of studies were from developed countries, most specifically from the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Comparative studies on the mental health of farmers and other occupational workers showed mixed results, with a larger portion identifying that psychological health disturbances were more common in farmers and farm-workers. Knowledge of farmer psychological disorder risk factors and its impacts are essential for reducing the burden of mental illness. Further research will be required on climate change impacts, developing country farmers’ mental health, and information on how to reduce help-seeking barriers amongst farmers.
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“Low-threshold and remotely delivered preventive interventions, like telephone coaching, are warranted for farmers who experience multiple risk factors for depression, live in underserved areas, and show low help-seeking behavior.”
From How to promote usage of telehealth interventions for farmers' mental health? A qualitative study on supporting and hindering aspects for acceptance and satisfaction with a personalized telephone coaching for depression prevention (2023) · cites this paper as Daghagh Yazd et al., 2019
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“Recent systematic reviews indicate that farmers are at particular risk of mental health disorders [1, 2].”
From Improving the mental health of farmers: what types of remote support are acceptable, feasible, and improve outcomes? A feasibility RCT (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
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Cites
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“breaks and talking amongst their peers, thereby leveraging community supports (Hagen et al., 2022; 2021; Jones-Bitton et al., 2020; Roy et al., 2017; Yazd et al., 2019).”
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Yeşi̇ltepe, A., Karadağ, G., ÖZTÜRK, A., & Dokuzcan, D. A. (2023) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1271138 · Cited by 3
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“Fourth, as mentioned earlier, farmers are vulnerable to mental health issues (depression, anger, anxiety, or financial stress), and these disorders can also increase the risk of suicidal ideation [55].”
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“criteria for economic success, without minimizing social stress and conflicts in relation to farming, could lead to frustration [59].”
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Naydani, C. J., Jessiman, L. J., & Jarvis, S. (2025) · doi:10.1079/cabionehealth.2025.0011 · Cited by 2
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Self-citationPetit, P., Bonneterre, V., & Vuillerme, N. (2025) · Mental Illness · doi:10.1155/mij/5570491 · Cited by 1
“%) in FMs. FMs managing employees may experience managing problems such as administrative issues (absenteeism management and fi nancial responsibility), interpersonal con fl ict, and poor work-place relationships with their employees, which were shown to be risk factors for depression [3, 8, 11, 52].”
InfluentialWard, J. M., Perkins, M., & Blosnich, J. R. (2025) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-025-01509-1 · Cited by 1
“Compared to the general population, farmers have a higher rate of suicide but lower rates of diagnosed depressive disorders (Daghagh Yazd et al., 2019), suggesting that healthcare-based suicide prevention may not have as much reach for farmers.”
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“A review on farmers, on the other hand, identified links between pesticide exposure, financial difficulties, climate variabilities/ drought, and poor physical health/past injuries and mental health outcomes (Daghagh Yazd et al. 2019).”
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“3 Social and cultural factors, including geographic isolation, 3 also play a role in increasing vulnerability.”
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“The mean mental health index scored 0.58 with a standard deviation of 0.49, reflecting far-reaching psychological impairment 13 .”
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“Similar findings are also observed in the literature (Daghagh Yazd et al., 2019; Dığrak et al., 2014).”
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“…patterns well-documented in the liter - ature, including the critical role of social support in mental health [21–23, 41, 73, 74 ], the significant influence of stress on mental health outcomes [12, 48, 75], and the interplay between physical health and mental health in this process [17, 75 ].”
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“…stress was found to pose significantly the highest association for the development of MSDs. Farmers are mostly exposed to external stressors which are beyond their control such as unpredictable weather, pesticide exposure, climate variability/ drought 46,47 job strain, and job dissatisfaction.”
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“10 65 Still, mental health remains weakly integrated into national health strategies, especially in LMICs.”
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., N., Khan, M. J., Khan, N., Ishtiaq, M., & Darwesh, N. M. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs221651222 · Cited by 1
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Gish, M., Shalmon, A., & Ayalon, O. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054117
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Metadata
- Authors
- Daghagh Yazd, S., Wheeler, S. A., & Zuo, A.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Global Food and Resources, Faculty of Professions, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Wheeler, Sarah Ann
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-12-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 4849
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6926562
- OpenAlex
- W2990842690
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 186
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (FT140100773)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Agriculture and Farm Safety
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- farmer mental health, risk factors, pesticide exposure, financial hardship, climate variability, drought, physical health, occupational injuries, farm workers, mental illness, help-seeking barriers, climate change impacts
- MeSH terms
- Farmers, Adult, Agriculture, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological
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