Racial/Ethnic Differences in Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: United States 2003–2014
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether racial differences in HbA1c persist in older adults (≥65 years) living with type 2 diabetes. Data from The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2014 were used to examine the association between HbA1c and older adults (≥65 years) over time. Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Mexican Americans had the greatest difference in average HbA1c among minority groups, followed by those with unspecified/mixed ethnicities and non-Hispanic Blacks. In the adjusted linear model, racial minorities had a statistically significant relationship with HbA1c. There was no relationship between HbA1c and older age and insulin use. Trends in mean HbA1c over time increased for non-Hispanic Blacks and Mexican Americans and decreased for non-Hispanic Whites. The findings suggest that racial differences in HbA1c persist into older age and compared to non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks and Mexican Americans are at an increased risk of morbidity, mortality, and disability due to high HbA1c. Furthermore, alternate measures of glycemic control may be needed to screen and manage T2DM in racial minorities.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Studies have focused on African American and Latinx populations with type 2 diabetes who experienced higher mean HbA1c levels than non-Latinx White populations.
“Studies have focused on African American and Latinx populations with T2D who experienced higher mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels than non-Latinx White populations.11,12,13,14”
From Mobile Health Intervention in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes
(2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0802743 · Cited by 7,888 · see citing works
The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors
Murray, C. J. L. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.13805 · Cited by 2,438 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In the United States (U.S.), 30.3 million people or 9.4% of the population were diagnosed with diabetes in 2015, with the vast majority (approximately 95”
BackgroundInfluentialPrevalence of and Trends in Diabetes Among Adults in the United States, 1988-2012
Menke, A., Casagrande, S., Geiss, L., & Cowie, C. C. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10029 · Cited by 2,362 · see citing works
Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: a meta-analysis.
DiMatteo, M. R. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.2.207 · Cited by 2,107 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, social support has been shown to reduce BMI and influence medication adherence in older adults living with T2DM [29,32].”
BackgroundTomaka, J., Thompson, S. E., & Palacios, R. (2006) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264305280993 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Race/Ethnic Difference in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications
Spanakis, E. K., & Golden, S. H. (2013) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-013-0421-9 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Impact of Recent Increase in Incidence on Future Diabetes Burden
Narayan, K. M. V., Boyle, J. P., Geiss, L. S., Saaddine, J. B., & Thompson, T. J. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1136 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Herman, W. H., Ma, Y., Uwaifo, G., Haffner, S., Kahn, S. E., Horton, E. S., Lachin, J. M., Montez, M. G., Brenneman, T., Barrett-Connor, E., et al. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-2003 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
A new look at screening and diagnosing diabetes mellitus
Saudek, C. D., Herman, W. H., Sacks, D. B., Bergenstal, R. M., Edelman, D., & Davidson, M. B. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2174 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Measurement, Correlates, and Health Outcomes of Medication Adherence Among Seniors
Vik, S. A., Maxwell, C. J., & Hogan, D. B. (2004) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1d252 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Association of Diabetes, Comorbidities, and A1C With Functional Disability in Older Adults
Kalyani, R. R., Saudek, C. D., Brancati, F. L., & Selvin, E. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1597 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Ziemer, D. C., Kolm, P., Weintraub, W. S., Vaccarino, V., Rhee, M. K., Twombly, J. G., Narayan, K. M. V., Koch, D. D., & Phillips, L. S. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-12-201006150-00004 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Impact of social determinants of health on outcomes for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review
Walker, R. J., Smalls, B. L., Campbell, J. A., Williams, J. L. S., & Egede, L. E. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0195-0 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationBergenstal, R. M., Gal, R. L., Connor, C. G., Gubitosi-Klug, R., Kruger, D., Olson, B. A., Willi, S. M., Aleppo, G., Weinstock, R. S., Wood, J., et al. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-2596 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Herman, W. H., & Cohen, R. M. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1894 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Promoting and prescribing exercise for the elderly.
Nied, R. J., & Franklin, B. A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Health Literacy Explains Racial Disparities in Diabetes Medication Adherence
Osborn, C. Y., Cavanaugh, K. L., Wallston, K. A., Kripalani, S. B., Elasy, T. A., Rothman, R. L., & White, R. O. (2011) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.604388 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Heisler, M. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.17.1853 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Villareal, D. T., Miller, B. V., Banks, M., Fontana, L., Sinacore, D. R., & Klein, S. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1317 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
12. Older Adults: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020
American Diabetes Association (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-s012 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Miller, C. K., Edwards, L., Kissling, G., & Sanville, L. (2002) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2001.0985 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Heisler, M., Cole, I., Weir, D. R., Kerr, E. A., & Hayward, R. A. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/62.12.1435 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Glycemic Control and Health Disparities in Older Ethnically Diverse Underserved Adults With Diabetes
Weinstock, R. S., Teresi, J. A., Goland, R., Izquierdo, R. E., Palmas, W., Eimicke, J. P., Ebner, S. A., & Shea, S. A. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1346 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Social Support and Mortality Among Older Persons With Diabetes
Zhang, X., Norris, S. L., Gregg, E. W., & Beckles, G. L. (2007) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721707299265 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Medication Adherence and Racial Differences in A1C Control
Adams, A. S., Trinacty, C. M., Zhang, F., KLEINMAN, K. P., Grant, R. W., Meigs, J. B., Soumerai, S. B., & Ross‐Degnan, D. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1924 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
McCarter, R., Hempe, J. M., & Chalew, S. A. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1594 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Saydah, S., Cowie, C. C., Eberhardt, M. S., de Rekeneire, N., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Kirk, J. K., Bell, R. A., Bertoni, A. G., Arcury, T. A., Quandt, S. A., Goff, D. C., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2005) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1e685 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Wilson, W., & Pratt, C. C. (1987) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.77.5.634 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Glucose control in diabetes: the impact of racial differences on monitoring and outcomes
Campbell, J. A., Walker, R. J., Smalls, B. L., & Egede, L. E. (2012) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9744-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationEgede, L. E., Gebregziabher, M., Hunt, K. J., Axon, R. N., Echols, C. L., Gilbert, G. E., & Mauldin, P. D. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1504 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationRacial Differences in Glycemic Control in a Well-Functioning Older Diabetic Population
de Rekeneire, N., Rooks, R. N., Simonsick, E. M., Shorr, R. I., Kuller, L. H., Schwartz, A. V., & Harris, T. B. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.7.1986 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Prevalence of Diabetes and the Burden of Comorbid Conditions Among Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Dybicz, S. B., Thompson, S., Molotsky, S., & Stuart, B. (2011) · The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.05.001 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Factors predicting glycemic control in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes.
Chiu, C., & Wray, L. A. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Boltri, J. M., Okosun, I. S., Davis‐Smith, M., & Vogel, R. L. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Multimorbidity patterns in a primary care population aged 55 years and over
Sinnige, J., Korevaar, J. C., Westert, G. P., Spreeuwenberg, P. M. M., Schellevis, F., & Braspenning, J. C. C. (2015) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmv037 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Chatterji, P., Joo, H., & Lahiri, K. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1405 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gallo, L. C., Fortmann, A. L., McCurley, J. L., Isasi, C. R., Penedo, F. J., Daviglus, M. L., Roesch, S. C., Talavera, G. A., Gouskova, N., Gonzalez, F., et al. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9588-z · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Hausmann, L. R. M., & Sevick, M. A. (2010) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s12353 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Diabetes and age-related demographic differences in risk factor control
Egan, B. M., Li, J., Wolfman, T. E., & Sinopoli, A. (2014) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2014.03.323 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bentata, Y., Haddiya, I., Karimi, I., Benabdellah, N., Chemlal, A., & Abouqal, R. (2016) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.03.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Advances in Pancreatic Islet Transplantation Sites for the Treatment of Diabetes
Cayabyab, F., Nih, L. R., & Yoshihara, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.732431 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Mobile Health Intervention in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Gerber, B. S., Biggers, A., Tilton, J. J., Smith Marsh, D. E., Lane, R., Mihailescu, D., Lee, J., & Sharp, L. K. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33629 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Therapeutic Inertia and Delays in Insulin Intensification in Type 2 Diabetes: A Literature Review
Gavin, J. R., Abaniel, R. M., & Virdi, N. S. (2023) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds22-0084 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Immune Protection of Stem Cell-Derived Islet Cell Therapy for Treating Diabetes
Tahbaz, M., & Yoshihara, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.716625 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Urina-Jassir, M., Herrera-Parra, L. J., Vargas, J. A. H., Valbuena‐Garcia, A. M., Acuña-Merchán, L. A., & Urina‐Triana, M. (2021) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00791-w · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Toward Understanding Social Needs Among Primary Care Patients With Uncontrolled Diabetes
Chambers, E. C., McAuliff, K. E., Heller, C. G., Fiori, K. P., & Hollingsworth, N. (2021) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/2150132720985044 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes
Mikhail, N. E., Wali, S., & Brown, A. F. (2021) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2021.05.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Anjorin, A. C., Marcaccio, C. L., Patel, P. B., Wang, S. X., Rowe, V. L., Aulivola, B., Wyers, M. C., & Schermerhorn, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2022.06.026 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Pathogenesis of Race and Ethnic Disparities
Powe, N. R. (2021) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.12640820 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tummalapalli, S., Estrella, M., Jannat-Khah, D., Keyhani, S., & Ibrahim, S. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07313-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sriraman, S., Sreejith, D., Andrew, E., Okello, I., & Willcox, M. L. (2023) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101808 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with G6PD Deficiency
Israel, A., Raz, I., Vinker, S., Magen, E., Green, I., Golan‐Cohen, A., Berkovitch, M., & Merzon, E. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2406156 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Andrisse, S., Garcia‐Reyes, Y., Pyle, L. L., Kelsey, M. M., Nadeau, K. J., & Cree‐Green, M. (2021) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Madsen, T. E., Long, D. L., Carson, A. P., Howard, G., Kleindorfer, D. O., Furie, K. L., Manson, J. E., Liu, S., & Howard, V. J. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012296 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Remote patient monitoring sustains reductions of hemoglobin A1c in underserved patients to 12 months
Kirkland, E. B., Marsden, J. E., Zhang, J., Schumann, S. O., Bian, J., Mauldin, P. D., & Moran, W. P. (2021) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2021.01.005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nelson, L. A., Spieker, A. J., Greevy, R. A., Roddy, M. K., LeStourgeon, L. M., Bergner, E. M., El-Rifai, M., Aikens, J. E., Wolever, R. Q., Elasy, T. A., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110991 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Venkatesh, K. K., Fareed, N., Kiefer, M. K., Ware, C. A., Buschur, E., Landon, M. B., Thung, S., Costantine, M. M., Gabbe, S. G., & Joseph, J. J. (2022) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/a-1788-5600 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Martínez, M., Dawson, A. Z., Lu, K., Walker, R. J., & Egede, L. E. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12521 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationRussell, A. M., Opsasnick, L. A., Yoon, E., Bailey, S. C., O’Brien, M. J., & Wolf, M. S. (2022) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.12.028 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Disparities in HbA1c testing between aging US Latino and non-Latino white primary care patients
Aceves, B., Ezekiel-Herrera, D., Marino, M., Datta, R., Lucas, J., Giebultowicz, S., & Heintzman, J. D. (2022) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101739 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sharp, L. K., Biggers, A., Perez, R., Henkins, J., Tilton, J., & Gerber, B. S. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/17170 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Li, P., Zhang, P., Guan, D., Guo, J. S., Zhang, Y., Pavkov, M. E., Bullard, K. M., & Shao, H. (2022) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14894 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Anson, M., Zhao, S. S., Essa, H., Austin, P. J., Hernández, G., Lip, G. Y. H., & Alam, U. (2023) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.07.026 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Advancing Equity in Diabetes Prevention, Treatment, and Outcomes
Joseph, J. J. (2023) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2023.05.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
German, J., Stirling, A., Gorgone, P., Brucker, A., Huang, W. A., Dash, S., Halpern, D. J., Bhavsar, N. A., Hinz, E. M., Shannon, R. P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2024.542 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Li, Y., Tang, H., Guo, Y. M., Shao, H., Kimmel, S. E., Bian, J., Schatz, D., & Guo, J. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1379251 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
FXYD2 marks and regulates maturity of β cells via ion channel-mediated signal transduction
Tacto, C., Tahbaz, M., Salib, A., Wang, S., Cayabyab, F., Choi, J., Kim, K. A., Hamba, Y., Perez, H. D., Gershon, P. D., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60188-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Traoré, S., Guira, O., Zoungrana, L., Sagna, Y., Bognounou, R., B. Paré, C., Dabourou, D. L., Séré, L., Zemba, D., Dembélé, L. S., et al. (2021) · Open Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojim.2021.111001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Advances in Diabetes Treatment — Once-Weekly Insulin
Gottlieb, P. A., & Michels, A. W. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2031596 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Health disparities in diabetes treatment: The challenge of G6PD deficiency
Israel, A., Raz, I., Green, I., Golan‐Cohen, A., Berkovitch, M., Magen, E., Vinker, S., & Merzon, E. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111965 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The use of telemedicine in peripheral artery disease and limb salvage
DiLosa, K. L., Gibson, K., & Humphries, M. D. (2023) · Seminars in Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2022.12.006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Adapting Physiology in Functional Human Islet Organogenesis
Yoshihara, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.854604 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Berg, K. A., Bharmal, N. H., Tereshchenko, L. G., Le, P., Payne, J. Y., Misra‐Hebert, A. D., & Rothberg, M. B. (2024) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2024.02.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Neto, N. J., Gomes, C. D. S., Sousa, A. C. P. D. A., Fernandes, J., Ahmed, T., Curcio, C., Maciel, Á. C. C., & Guerra, R. O. (2022) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2022.104823 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ye, Y., Acevedo-Mendez, B. A., Izard, S. M., & Myers, A. K. (2023) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds23-0013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Harvey, I. S., Mkuu, R. S., Thompson, R., Nouzovsky, A., Johnson, K., Story, C. R., Seals, K., Idoko, E., & Wiggins, A. (2024) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/26350106241289098 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Garcia, G. A. F., Giatti, L., Camelo, L. D. V., Diniz, M. D. F. H. S., Griep, R. H., da Fonseca, M. D. J. M., Schmidt, M. I., & Barreto, S. M. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02760-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Inequalities in Diabetes in the USA
Mikhail, N. E. (2020) · Archives of Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.32474/ado.2020.02.000148 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gastelum, A. A., Maraqa, S. A. R. A., Lavenant, W. M., Khan, A., McMahon, R. S., Latif, A., & Townley, T. A. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06886-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Boynton, M. H., Donahue, K. E., Richman, E. L., Johnson, A., Leeman, J., Vu, M. B., Rees, J. R., & Young, L. (2022) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd21-0141 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ndjaboué, R., Diendere, J. D., Bulver, F., Djossou, A., Ruddy, S., & Ngueta, G. (2023) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2023.11.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Roddy, M. K., Spieker, A. J., Greevy, R. A., Nelson, L. A., Berg, C. A., & Mayberry, L. S. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae070 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Implementing Equity: Improving Blood Pressure and Glycemic Control Among Adults With Heart Failure
Sterling, M. R., & Essien, U. R. (2022) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.122.009650 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Urina-Jassir, M., Herrera-Parra, L. J., Vargas, J. A. H., Valbuena‐Garcia, A. M., Acuña-Merchán, L. A., & Urina‐Triana, M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-156202/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Differences of Diabetes Treatment and Care in Various Ethnic Minorities
Yuan, Y. E., & Caballero, A. E. (2023) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13177-6_35
Joseph, J. J., Perzynski, A. T., Dungan, K. M., Beverly, E. A., Einstadter, D., Fiegl, J., Love, T. E., Spence, D., Jenkins, K., Lorenz, A., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci24-0025
Abdul-Wahab, S., & Saeed, G. T. (2025) · Obat · doi:10.61132/obat.v3i1.969
Shawahna, R., Hamad, S. A., Egbaria, M., Hijaz, H., Maqboul, I., & Jaber, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-15564-x
Bailey, S., Turner‐McGrievy, G. M., Keseko, E. A., Duncan, T., Ward-Johnson, D., Davis, B., Wilcox, S., Friedman, D. B., Sarzynski, M. A., & Liese, A. D. (2025) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2025.108109
Leiter, A., Goel, M. S., Harris, Y., Doron, E., Gallagher, E. J., LeRoith, D., Wisnivesky, J. P., & Lin, J. J. (2025) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1177/15409996251391042
Urina-Jassir, M., Herrera-Parra, L. J., Hernández Vargas, J. A., Valbuena-García, A. M., Acuña-Merchán, L., & Urina-Triana, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14853189
Tummalapalli, S. L., Estrella, M. M., Jannat‐Khah, D., Keyhani, S., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17799152
Urina-Jassir, M., Herrera-Parra, L. J., Hernández Vargas, J. A., Valbuena-García, A. M., Acuña-Merchán, L., & Urina-Triana, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14853186
- Authors
- Smalls, B. L., Ritchwood, T. D., Bishu, K. G., & Egede, L. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smalls, Brittany L.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-02-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 950
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7036954
- OpenAlex
- W3005117035
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Kentucky
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK120861, K24DK093699, R01DK118038, K01DK116923)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD013826)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, HbA1c, racial disparities, ethnic differences, older adults, Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic blacks, non-Hispanic whites, NHANES, temporal trends, insulin use, diabetes screening
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Male, Minority Groups, Nutrition Surveys, United States, Mexican Americans, White People, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
