Gestational Diabetes in the Arab Gulf Countries: Sitting on a Land-Mine
Open accessAbstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a modern-day plague by reaching epidemic levels throughout the world. Due to its similar pathogenesis, gestational diabetes (GDM) increases in parallel to T2DM. The prevalence of T2DM (3.9–18.3%) and GDM (5.1–37.7%) in countries of the Arab Gulf are amongst the highest internationally, and they are still rising precipitously. This review traces the reasons among the Arab nations for (a) the surge of T2DM and GDM and (b) the failure to contain it. During the last five decades, the massive oil wealth in many Arab countries has led to the unhealthy lifestyle changes in physical activity and diet. The excess consumption of calories turned the advantageous genes, originally selected for the famine-like conditions, detrimental: fueling obesity and insulin resistance. Despite genetic differences in these populations, GDM—a marker for future obesity and T2DM—can overcome this scourge of T2DM through active follow-up and screening after delivery. However, the health policies of most Arab countries have fallen short. Neglecting this unique chance will miss an irreplaceable opportunity to turn the tide of the T2DM and obesity epidemic in the Middle Eastern Arab Gulf countries—as well as globally.
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In Yemen in 2019, approximately 3.9% of women had GDM.
“In 2019, it was assessed that approximately 3.9% of women had GDM.”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [242]
The Yemen section (7.18) gives 3.9% as the 2019 IDF estimate for diabetes prevalence in Yemen, not GDM prevalence among women. It reports GDM prevalence of 5.1% in a cohort of 311 women instead. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Yemen, family history of GDM, age > 30 years, history of PCOS, and previous GDM were risk factors for GDM.
“A family history of GDM, age > 30 years, history of PCOS, and previous GDM were risk factors.”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [242]
Section 7.18 (Yemen) identifies age ≥30 years, previous GDM, family history of diabetes, and history of PCOS as independent risk factors in a Yemeni cohort. The claim changes family history of diabetes to family history of GDM and ≥30 to >30, neither of which matches the reported finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn UAE, main risk factors for GDM are parity, obesity, and glucose intolerance in young girls.
“The main risk factors for GDM development are parity, obesity, and glucose intolerance in young girls [242].”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [242]
Section 7.5 (UAE; page unavailable) says obesity and multiparity are common in the UAE and that adolescent girls with glucose intolerance may develop GDM if they become pregnant. Section 3 identifies obesity as a strong GDM risk factor. The paper does not establish parity as a GDM risk factor in the UAE or identify these three as its main risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGDM prevalence in UAE varies from 7.9% to 37.7%.
“The prevalence of GDM in the UAE varies from 7.9 to 37.7%.”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [242]
Due to the political situation, no recent data on GDM prevalence exist in Yemen.
“Due to the political situation no recent data concerning GDM prevalence exist [242].”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [242]
In UAE, different criteria for diagnosing GDM exist.
“In the UEA different kind of criteria for diagnosis GDM exist.”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [242]
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Assessment of Serum Neuregulin 4 Level and Several Metabolic Parameter in Gestational Diabetes
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Self-citationType 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes mellitus
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- Authors
- Agarwal, M. M.
- Affiliations
- California University of Science and Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Agarwal, Mukesh M.
- ORCID
- Agarwal, Mukesh M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-11
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 9270
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7763466
- OpenAlex
- W3112062685
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 0.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, Arab Gulf countries, obesity, insulin resistance, oil wealth, lifestyle modification, postpartum screening, health policy, diabetes epidemic
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Northern, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Middle East, Pregnancy, Diabetes, Gestational
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