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Implementing Anti-Racism Interventions in Healthcare Settings: A Scoping Review
Open accessAbstract
Racism towards Black, Indigenous and people of colour continues to exist in the healthcare system. This leads to profound harm for people who use and work within these settings. This is a scoping review to identify anti-racism interventions in outpatient healthcare settings. Searching the peer-reviewed and grey literature, articles were screened for inclusion by at least two independent reviewers. Synthesizing the socio-ecological levels of interventions with inductively identifying themes, a conceptual model for implementing anti-racism interventions in healthcare settings is presented. In total, 37 peer-reviewed articles were included in the review, with 12 empirical studies and 25 theoretical or conceptual papers. Six grey literature documents were also included. Healthcare institutions need to incorporate an explicit, shared language of anti-racism. Anti-racism action should incorporate leadership buy-in and commitment with dedicated resources, support and funding; a multi-level approach beginning with policy and organizational interventions; transparent accountability mechanisms for sustainable change; long-term meaningful partnerships with Black, Indigenous, and people of colour (i.e., racialized communities); and ongoing, mandatory, tailored staff education and training. Decision-makers and staff in healthcare settings have a responsibility to take anti-racism action and may improve the success and sustainability of their efforts by incorporating the foundational principles and strategies identified in this paper.
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“For example, research has shown that racism and racialization intersect with other aspects of identity and social determinants of health, including sexism, ageism, and ableism, to name a few [52].”
From The hospital-to-home care transition experience of home care clients: an exploratory study using patient journey mapping (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
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Liljenquist, K. S., & Coker, T. R. (2024) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2023.07.017 · Cited by 1
Pilarinos, A., Key, J., Joseph, E. D., Maher, S., Quinn, L., & Bingham, B. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07736-0 · Cited by 1
Davis, J. J., Sánchez, L. D., Jarman, A. F., Macias‐Konstantopoulos, W., Newberry, J. A., Patel, S., Hess, E. P., & Burner, E. (2023) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.14742 · Cited by 1
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Beylin, N. R., Katyal, T., & Durazo, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00183-7 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Hassen, N., Lofters, A., Michael, S., Mall, A., Pinto, A. D., & Rackal, J.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Rackal, Julia
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-03-15
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2993
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8000324
- OpenAlex
- W3136125812
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (acceptedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Philip Berger Advocacy Fund (Not applicable)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Cultural Competency in Health Care
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- anti-racism interventions, racism in healthcare, BIPOC, organizational change, leadership buy-in, accountability mechanisms, staff education and training, health equity, conceptual model
- MeSH terms
- Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Leadership, Social Responsibility, Population Groups, Racism
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