Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942–1952
Abstract
Between 1942 and 1952, some of Canada’s leading nutrition experts, in cooperation with various federal departments, conducted an unprecedented series of nutritional studies of Aboriginal communities and residential schools. The most ambitious and perhaps best known of these was the 1947–1948 James Bay Survey of the Attawapiskat and Rupert’s House Cree First Nations. Less well known were two separate long-term studies that went so far as to include controlled experiments conducted, apparently without the subjects’ informed consent or knowledge, on malnourished Aboriginal populations in Northern Manitoba and, later, in six Indian residential schools. This article explores these studies and experiments, in part to provide a narrative record of a largely unexamined episode of exploitation and neglect by the Canadian government. At the same time, it situates these studies within the context of broader federal policies governing the lives of Aboriginal peoples, a shifting Canadian consensus concerning the science of nutrition, and changing attitudes towards the ethics of biomedical experimentation on human beings during a period that encompassed, among other things, the establishment of the Nuremberg Code of experimental research ethics.
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In fall 1948, researchers conducted tests over a five-year period at six residential schools across Canada with close to 1000 Indigenous children selected for the experiments.
“In fall 1948, the researchers turned their attention to Canada's Indian Residential Schools, conducting tests over a five-year period at six residential schools across the nation with close to 1000 Indigenous children selected for the experiments.”
From “Indigenizing” Food Sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous Food Practices and Ecological Knowledges in Canada and the United States (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
Investigations of the Alberni Residential School found run-down, inadequate kitchen facilities and poor and inadequate diets given to students.
“Investigations of the Alberni Residential School found run-down, inadequate kitchen facilities and, as was the case with the other schools included in the study, poor and inadequate diets given to the students.”
From “Indigenizing” Food Sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous Food Practices and Ecological Knowledges in Canada and the United States (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
A 1946 study published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal linked social and health problems among Indigenous communities to inadequate and unhealthy food, moving focus away from inferior culture arguments.
“A 1946 study, published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, moved the focus away from these inferior culture arguments and linked these social and health problems to inadequate and unhealthy food.”
From “Indigenizing” Food Sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous Food Practices and Ecological Knowledges in Canada and the United States (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
The food experiments were conducted without the children's knowledge and without their parents' consent.
“What Mosby found even more disturbing was that these food experiments were being conducted without the children's knowledge and without their parent's consent.”
From “Indigenizing” Food Sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous Food Practices and Ecological Knowledges in Canada and the United States (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
As part of the study, some children's diets were enhanced with Western food products such as milk and fruit, along with vitamin supplements, while other children were given nothing or placebos.
“As part of the study, some of the children's diets were enhanced with Western food products such as milk and fruit, along with vitamin supplements, while other children in the study were given nothing or placebos ( [20], pp.161-62).”
From “Indigenizing” Food Sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous Food Practices and Ecological Knowledges in Canada and the United States (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
Rather than develop policies to support revitalization of Indigenous food systems or provide healthy traditional foods, the dietitians conducting the studies promoted Western foods like milk, cheese, and fruit as more nutritious.
“However, rather than develop policies that would support the revitalization of Indigenous food systems or provide them with healthy traditional foods, the dietitians conducting the studies sought to address these problems by promoting what they saw as more nutritious Western foods like milk, cheese, and fruit ( [20], p. 155).”
From “Indigenizing” Food Sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous Food Practices and Ecological Knowledges in Canada and the United States (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Mosby, I.
- Corresponding author
- Mosby, Ian
- Venue
- Histoire sociale/Social history
- Publisher
- Project MUSE
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 91
- Pages
- 145-172
- ISSN
- 0018-2257 (ISSN-L)
- 1918-6576
- OpenAlex
- W2101536803
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 20.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Histoire sociale (publishedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Medical History and Research
- Keywords
- colonial science, nutrition research, Aboriginal peoples, residential schools, malnutrition, informed consent, research ethics, Nuremberg Code, federal Indian policy, northern Manitoba, Canadian federal government, 1940s
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