The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Implementing Anti-Racism Interventions in Healthcare Settings: A Scoping Review
Open accessAbstract
Racism towards Black, Indigenous and people of colour continues to exist in the healthcare system. This leads to profound harm for people who use and work within these settings. This is a scoping review to identify anti-racism interventions in outpatient healthcare settings. Searching the peer-reviewed and grey literature, articles were screened for inclusion by at least two independent reviewers. Synthesizing the socio-ecological levels of interventions with inductively identifying themes, a conceptual model for implementing anti-racism interventions in healthcare settings is presented. In total, 37 peer-reviewed articles were included in the review, with 12 empirical studies and 25 theoretical or conceptual papers. Six grey literature documents were also included. Healthcare institutions need to incorporate an explicit, shared language of anti-racism. Anti-racism action should incorporate leadership buy-in and commitment with dedicated resources, support and funding; a multi-level approach beginning with policy and organizational interventions; transparent accountability mechanisms for sustainable change; long-term meaningful partnerships with Black, Indigenous, and people of colour (i.e., racialized communities); and ongoing, mandatory, tailored staff education and training. Decision-makers and staff in healthcare settings have a responsibility to take anti-racism action and may improve the success and sustainability of their efforts by incorporating the foundational principles and strategies identified in this paper.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, research has shown that racism and racialization intersect with other aspects of identity and social determinants of health, including sexism, ageism, and ableism, to name a few [52].”
From The hospital-to-home care transition experience of home care clients: an exploratory study using patient journey mapping (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework
Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616 · Cited by 36,742
Crenshaw, K. (2018) · Feminist Legal Theory · doi:10.4324/9780429500480-5 · Cited by 9,510
Crenshaw, K. W. (1998) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198782063.003.0016 · Cited by 5,761
Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener's tale
(2000) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.90.8.1212 · Cited by 2,626
Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113 · Cited by 2,486
Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care.
Gamble, V. N. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773 · Cited by 1,263
Ethnicity and analgesic practice
Todd, K. H., Deaton, C., D’Adamo, A. P., & Goe, L. C. (2000) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(00)70099-0 · Cited by 638
Colonialism as a broader social determinant of health
Czyzewski, K. (2011) · International Indigenous Policy Journal · doi:10.18584/iipj.2011.2.1.5 · Cited by 486
Mosby, I. (2013) · Histoire sociale/Social history · doi:10.1353/his.2013.0015 · Cited by 407
Browne, A. J., Varcoe, C., Lavoie, J., Smye, V., Wong, S. T., Krause, M., Tu, D., Godwin, O., Khan, K., & Fridkin, A. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1707-9 · Cited by 358
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 57 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- McGibbon, E.A. (2009). Anti-Racist Health Care Practice, Canadian Scholars’ Press.
- Servonsky, 2005, Family Nursing: Assessment Strategies for Implementing Culturally Competent Care, J. Multicult. Nurs. Health, 11, 51
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–285 of 285
Yip, J. L. Y., Poduval, S., de Souza-Thomas, L., Carter, S., & Fenton, K. A. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.23289263 · Cited by 1
Moore, A., Astbury, N., Poduval, S., & Ross, J. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3256059/v1 · Cited by 1
Antiracist Strategies to Combat Racial Disparities in the Delivery of Hospital-Based Addiction Care
Calcaterra, S. L., & Peterkin, A. F. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08449-0 · Cited by 1
Dumont, K. A. (2024) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-023-01636-9 · Cited by 1
Cruz, A. J. S., Abreu, L. G., Mendes, S. D. R., de Castilho, L. S., & de Abreu, M. H. N. G. (2022) · Evidence-Based Dentistry · doi:10.1038/s41432-022-0282-7
Does racism toward nurses increase as treatment invasiveness rises?
Bokek‐Cohen, Y. (2023) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12547
Addressing racism: the role of mental health professionals
Kastrup, M. C. (2023) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2023.2177525
Danseco, E. R., Lucente, G., & Kurzawa, J. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2023-008
-Researcher, I. J. (2023) · International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies · doi:10.31355/98
Valenzi, N. (2023) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.61977
Le racisme comme déterminant de la santé et des soins de santé
Ramsoondar, N., Anawati, A., & Cameron, E. (2023) · Canadian Family Physician · doi:10.46747/cfp.6909601
Special Issue on Social Emergency Medicine
Saucedo, C. (2023) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.62279 · Cited by 1
Bui, T., & Chisty, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40273-9_22
Wood, E., Bright, J., Hsu, K., Goel, N., Ross, J. W. G., Hanson, A., Teed, R., Poulin, G., Denning, B., Corace, K., et al. (2024) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.230715-f
Alexander-Laine, A. (2024) · International Journal of Management and Humanities · doi:10.35940/ijmh.g1692.10070324
Anti-Racism Approaches and Policy-Praxis
Elias, A. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83753-512-520241009
Elias, A. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83753-512-520241011
Williams, J. S. (2024) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-024-08716-8
Mukund, A. X., Lu, A. C., Asamoah, A., & Balakrishnan, K. (2024) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2024.115786 · Cited by 1
Lalli, K., Adewole, O., Peters, H., Price, C. A., Lumb, B., Gal, M., & Cooper, A. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.24308817
Kahraman, S., Kaçkın, Ö., & Timuçin, A. (2024) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2024.2370921 · Cited by 1
Roland, H. B., McGuire, C. M., Baskin, M. L., Esposito, M. H., Baker, E. H., & Brown, E. E. (2024) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35512
racialisation, illness and my father: three vignettes
Sharma, S. (2024) · Feminist Review · doi:10.1177/01417789241245925
Construction of a Theoretical Model of Chronic Disease Self-Management
Zuniga, J. A., Thurman, W., Ohueri, C. W., Cho, E., Chineyemba, P., Martin, C. A., Mathews, W. C., Christopoulos, K., Davy-Méndez, T., & García, A. A. (2024) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0000000000000526
Flewellen, R. W. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1612-0_25-1
Suicidality in Black and further non-white communities
Lazaridou, F. B., & Schouler‐Ocak, M. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198843405.003.0013
Discrimination and manic symptoms in early adolescence: A prospective cohort study
Nagata, J. M., Wong, J., Zamora, G., Al-Shoaibi, A. A. A., Low, P., Ganson, K. T., Testa, A. M., He, J., Lavender, J. M., & Baker, F. C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.078
Huang, H., Ghose, A., Ishihara, M., & Kim, I. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4999588
Tiatia-Siau, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5085-6_7
Flewellen, R. W. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5085-6_25
Centering Antiracism, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (ADEI) Practices in Leadership
Smith-Maddox, R., & Enrile, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197753392.003.0010
Using simulation-based education to enhance anti-racism learning in nursing
Epp, H., Dordunoo, D., Dompierre, K.-A. B., Cundiff, V., McBride, C., & Magassa, M. (2024) · Revista Enfermagem Contemporânea · doi:10.17267/2317-3378rec.2024.e5770
Abbruzzese, L. D., Matthews, N. D., Lautenberger, D. M., Adams, T. N., Campbell, A. S., Collins, P. M., Wruble, E., & Dickson, T. (2024) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1080/10833196.2024.2441638
Race Theories, Antiracism, and Applications for Health
Jones-Eversley, S. D. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197760956.003.0007
Owen, C. P., MacEntee, M. I., Marino, R., Minichiello, V., & Thokoane, M. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394182176.ch4
Mohottige, D., & Farouk, S. S. (2025) · Advances in Kidney Disease and Health · doi:10.1053/j.akdh.2024.12.005
Physician Cultural Responsibility
Johnson, C. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3683-0.ch001
Anti-Racism and Nursing Communication
Prendergast, N., Onwudegwu, A., Awal, F., Ranieri, V., MacEachern, D., Callahan, S., & Lapum, J. L. (2025) · doi:10.32920/29169701.v1
Dietitians’ Participation in Anti-Racist Actions
Peters, S. M., & DeBiasse, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Critical Dietetics · doi:10.32920/jcd.v8i1.2273
Gutman, C. K., Musto, S., Bylund, C. L., Smith, J. W., Plaza, M., Thompson, M., Ranger, S., Augustin, B., McCall-Junkin, P., Fernandez, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02501-x
Jeryo, S. R. (2024) · Al-Turath Journal of Nursing · doi:10.63964/atjn.2024.1.5
Masihuddin, A., Shaikh, Z. A., & Nazish, A. (2025) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-9092-4.ch017
Kent, A. J., & Steinberg, M. (2025) · Pedagogy in Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/23733799251349218
Development and Validation of the Navigating External Support Themes Breastfeeding Scale Tool
Luce, L. (2025) · Clinical Lactation · doi:10.1891/cl-2025-0014
Adapting Intervention Mapping to Improve Patient-Centeredness of Mental Health Services
Domlyn, A. M., Dedert, E. A., & Wilson, S. M. (2025) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-025-01850-7
Patient and surgery-related correlates of preoperative psychological distress
Sommer, J., Donald, K. M., Sareen, J., Mackenzie, C. S., Devereaux, P. J., Srinathan, S., & El-Gabalawy, R. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251392560
Leis, B. T., Mahee, C., Connors, W. J. A., Davierwala, P. M., Brothers, T. D., Morton, L. “., Lennox, R., Adams, C. A., Fairgrieve, C., Connelly, K. A., et al. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2025.11.009
Sheridan, N., Robinson, A., Masud, F., de Schaetzen, C., & Tse, S. (2025) · Pediatric Emergency Care · doi:10.1097/pec.0000000000003523
Woodland, L., Green, M., Corcoran, J., McEwan, M., Sharples, R., Sarwari, Z., Dunn, K. M., & Denson, N. (2025) · Public Health Research & Practice · doi:10.1071/pu25046
Peprah, P., Lloyd, J. E., & Harris, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26737572
Lin, Y.-J., Ranusch, A., Seagull, F. J., Sussman, J. B., & Barnes, G. D. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23606806
Peprah, P., Lloyd, J. E., & Harris, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26737569
Additional file 2 of Racism in healthcare: a scoping review
Hamed, S., Bradby, H., Ahlberg, B. M., & Thapar‐Björkert, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19776288
Peprah, P., Lloyd, J. E., & Harris, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26737566
Additional file 1 of Racism in healthcare: a scoping review
Hamed, S., Bradby, H., Ahlberg, B. M., & Thapar‐Björkert, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19776285
Cené, C. W., Carreño, S., Ferguson, F., & León, K. (2025) · Health Equity · doi:10.1177/24731242251404168
Vora, S., Dahlen, B., Fields, K., & Jones, V. F. (2025) · Comprehensive healthcare simulation · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03947-7_12
Walking the walk: Applying lessons from a Racial Equity Learning Community to its impact evaluation
Campos, P. C., Mulitauopele, J. R., González, N. C., Mitchell, S., Thompson, N., Yimer, B., & Perry, D. F. (2026) · Equity in Education & Society · doi:10.1177/27526461251413714
Somatic Symptoms and Domestic Violence
Gray, A. D. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85493-5_1576-1
Barnes, T. N., Mykyta‐Chomsky, R., Stoffers, M., Strickland, L. M., McKenny, M., Jung, J., Veng, S., Sheikh, N., Anisiobi, O. C., Barefoot, M. R., et al. (2026) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2026.2638758
Referrals to a Novel Health Care Equity Consult Service
Guyah, S., Mmeje, O. O., Shakil-Brown, P., Ayubbi, K., Bergmans, R. S., Wright, C. L., Khang, E. M., Goold, S. D., Brown, D. J., & Newman, E. A. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.0679
Mell, A. J., Germain, M., Yadavalli, G., Schneider, J. I., & Manchanda, E. C. C. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.105568
Cohen, J. E., González, K., Ihenacho, U., Shah, P., McKean‐Cowdin, R., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1766034
Oh, H. Y., Nicholson, H. L., Lee, C., Ofei, L. M., Bunyi, J., Volpe, V. V., Huh, J., & Keum, B. T. (2026) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2026.2629566
Reilly, R. E., Morey, K., Hammond, L., Pedler, M., Keeler, N., Laccos, T., Chur‐Hansen, A., Larkin, M., Elvidge, E., D’Onise, K., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-111483
Advancing socially just and anti-racist approaches for school attendance problems
Kearney, C. A., Ellis, K., & Arcaina, V. J. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102779
Health Inequities for Historically Marginalized Populations
Sharps, P. W., Robinson, K. N., & Speciale, A. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06072-3_15
Bruder, R., Masón, R., Rogers, C., Williams, C. C., & Mont, J. D. (2026) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2026.100781
Mastro, K. A., Khan, B. H., Burchill, C. N., Giordano, N., Monturo, C. A., Thomas‐Hawkins, C., & Polomano, R. C. (2026) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100545
Naar, S., Pooler-Burgess, M., Houston, M., Ralston, P. A., Flynn, H., Crowther, V. B., Green, S., & Pettus, C. (2026) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibag031
Rodriguez, M., Shankar, M., Titer, K., King, Z., O’Rourke, P., Artandi, M. K., Sateia, H., Kugler, J., Russell, S. W., Berkenblit, G. V., et al. (2026) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-026-01452-7
Bain, L., Fornells‐Ambrojo, M., Mahdi, M., Husbands, A., Eells, M., & Gardener, C. (2026) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2026.10252
Zazulak, J., Gallant, L., Knibb, N., & Cleghorn, L. (2026) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2025-013318
Etowa, J. B., Fantaye, A. W., Bahramian, A., Gebremeskel, A. T., Unachukwu, U., & Buh, A. W. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/79361
Lim, E., Hamamura, T., Dantas, J. A. R., Dovchin, S., Dryden, S., & Tankosić, A. (2026) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep16060204
Engagement with gestational diabetes self-management: a qualitative study from the UK
Moore, A. P., Astbury, N. M., Poduval, S., & Ross, J. (2026) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2025-003909 · Cited by 1
Tenchavez, L. J., & Rodriguez, G. (2026) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.590404
Actions for reforming oral healthcare to combat Noncommunicable disease: A workforce challenge
MacEntee, M. I., Kettratad‐Pruksapong, M., Wright, F. C., & Owen, C. P. (2026) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2026.106943
Hassan, A., Quinones, N., & Harris, S. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.108469
Zubizarreta, D., Beccia, A. L., Weber, S. B., Austin, S. B., Barnett, J., Pu, V., Alexander, T., Kim, C., & Agénor, M. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-03158-w
Brown, L. L., Anderson, K. M., Piper, K. N., Pichon, L. C., Patel, N., Hill, S. V., Stewart, J. L., Floyd, B. D., Pettit, A. C., Sales, J. M., et al. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/87513
Best Practices for Teaching Physician Cultural Responsibility
Johnson, C. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-27245-4_10
Support for Those Teaching Physician Cultural Responsibility
Johnson, C. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-27245-4_13
Responsible AI-driven decision-making for fair and efficient continuity of care among older adults
Ghazalbash, S., Zargoush, M., Verter, V., & Nair, A. (2026) · Omega · doi:10.1016/j.omega.2026.103685
Metadata
- Authors
- Hassen, N., Lofters, A., Michael, S., Mall, A., Pinto, A. D., & Rackal, J.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Rackal, Julia
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-03-15
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2993
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8000324
- OpenAlex
- W3136125812
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (acceptedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Philip Berger Advocacy Fund (Not applicable)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Cultural Competency in Health Care
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- anti-racism interventions, racism in healthcare, BIPOC, organizational change, leadership buy-in, accountability mechanisms, staff education and training, health equity, conceptual model
- MeSH terms
- Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Leadership, Social Responsibility, Population Groups, Racism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
