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Smartphone Addiction Prevalence and Its Association on Academic Performance, Physical Health, and Mental Well-Being among University Students in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Saudi Arabia

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Alotaibi, Mohammad, Fox, Mim, Coman, Robyn, Ratan, Zubair, Hosseinzadeh, Hassan·2022·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

DOI 10.3390/ijerph19063710PMC PMC8954621

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Abstract

Smartphone use can lead to smartphone addiction, which is a growing concern worldwide. However, there are limited studies about smartphone addiction and its impacts on university students in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to fill this gap. This is a quantitative study conducted among undergraduate students in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Saudi Arabia from May 2019 and February 2021. Study data were collected using both online and hard copy administered surveys. A self-administered questionnaire, Grade point average, Smartphone Addiction Short Version, and Kessler Psychological Distress scales were used to assess the outcomes. A total of 545 undergraduate students, mostly females, aged ≤ 21 years old and lived with large family sizes. More than half owned a smartphone for 5–8 years and the majority used their smartphone on average 6–11 h per day for social networking (82.6%), entertainment (66.2%) and web surfing (59.6%). Most of the participants were smartphone-addicted (67.0%). Logistic regression analysis showed that age ≤ 21, not gainfully employed, small family size and high family income were the main significant socio-demographic predictors of smartphone addiction. Smartphone-addicted participants were more likely to: have lower academic performance (GPA); be physically inactive; have poor sleep; be overweight/obese; have pain in their shoulder (39.2%), eyes (62.2%) and neck (67.7%) and have a serious mental illness (30.7%). This finding has significant implications for decision makers and suggests that smartphone education focusing on the physical and mental health consequences of smartphone addiction among university students can be beneficial.

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Peer Review #1 of "Prevalence of text neck posture, smartphone addiction, and its association with neck disorders among university students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic (v0.1)"
(2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.14443v0.1/reviews/1
Peer Review #2 of "Prevalence of text neck posture, smartphone addiction, and its association with neck disorders among university students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic (v0.1)"
(2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.14443v0.1/reviews/2
Peer Review #4 of "Prevalence of text neck posture, smartphone addiction, and its association with neck disorders among university students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic (v0.1)"
(2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.14443v0.1/reviews/4
Peer Review #3 of "Prevalence of text neck posture, smartphone addiction, and its association with neck disorders among university students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic (v0.1)"
(2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.14443v0.1/reviews/3
Peer Review #3 of "Prevalence of text neck posture, smartphone addiction, and its association with neck disorders among university students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic (v0.2)"
(2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.14443v0.2/reviews/3

Authors: Alotaibi, M., Fox, M., Coman, R., Ratan, Z., & Hosseinzadeh, H.
Affiliations: Umm al-Qura University (SA)
University of Wollongong (AU)
Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (BD)
Corresponding author: Hosseinzadeh, Hassan
ORCID: Alotaibi, Mohammad
Fox, Mim
Coman, Robyn
Ratan, Zubair
Hosseinzadeh, Hassan
Venue: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2022-03-21
Volume: 19
Issue: 6
Pages: 3710
ISSN: 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063710
PMC: PMC8954621
OpenAlex: W4220836651
Cited by: 144
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 17
FWCI: 40.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion)
Funders: Umm Al-Qura University
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
Keywords: smartphone addiction, university students, academic performance, physical health, psychological well-being, psychological distress, sleep quality, physical inactivity, obesity, musculoskeletal pain, sociodemographic predictors, smartphone use patterns, Saudi Arabia
MeSH terms: Smartphone, Academic Performance, Internet Addiction Disorder, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Saudi Arabia, Students, Universities, Prevalence, Young Adult

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Smartphone Addiction Prevalence and Its Association on Academic Performance, Physical Health, and Mental Well-Being among University Students in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Saudi Arabia

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