Problematic smartphone use and academic achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Background and aims: The present study aimed to synthesize existing quantitative evidence on the relationship between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and academic achievement with a focus on quantifying its magnitude and examining its potential moderators. Methods: Eligible studies were searched for up to February 10, 2023 in six different databases (i.e., MEDLINE, Current Contents Connect, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SciELO, and Dissertations & Theses Global ). Studies were considered eligible if they provided information derived from self-report instruments that allowed statistical calculation of the relationship between PSU and academic achievement. Pooled effect sizes ( r ) were computed using a random-effects model. Meta-regressions were conducted to test the influence of study-level moderators on the relationship of interest. Influence analyses and a three-parameter selection model (3PSM) were conducted to examine the robustness of the results and publication bias, respectively. Results: A total of 33 effect sizes from 29 studies ( n = 48,490) were retrieved. Results showed a small effect size ( r = −0.110), which tended to be larger in samples consisting of students from elementary and middle schools. Discussion and Conclusions: Findings from the present study contribute to the understanding of a potential determinant of decreased academic achievement by providing evidence that PSU may be one of them.
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A recent meta-analysis found a small negative correlation between smartphone addiction and academic performance, which tended to be stronger in primary and secondary school samples.
“En un reciente metaanálisis se encontró una correlación negativa pequeña entre estas variables, la cual tendía a ser más fuerte en muestras de estudiantes de primaria y secundaria (Paterna et al. , 2024).”
From Adicción al smartphone, nomofobia, rendimiento académico e intención de abandonar los estudios: un modelo estructural en estudiantes universitarios peruanos (2025) · cites this paper as Paterna et al., 2024
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“Sin em-bargo, la posible naturaleza problemática del uso del móvil y sus efectos ha despertado un creciente interés entre los investigadores de diversas disciplinas (Amez y Baert, 2020; Candussi et al. , 2023; Paterna et al. , 2024; Yang et al. , 2020).”
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- Authors
- Paterna, A., Alcaraz-Ibáñez, M., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Salavera, C., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Health Research Centre and Department of Education, University of Almería, Spain
- Universidad de Zaragoza (ES)
- Eötvös Loránd University (HU)
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions
- Publisher
- Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
- Published
- 2024-06-26
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 313-326
- ISSN
- 2062-5871 (ISSN-L)
- 2063-5303
- PMC
- PMC11220804
- OpenAlex
- W4395666745
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 8.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Zaguan (University of Zaragoza Repository) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Universidades (UAL RRA202101)
- Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (KKP126835)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- smartphone addiction, academic performance, students, primary and secondary school students, effect size, publication bias
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Academic Success, Internet Addiction Disorder, Child, Humans, Students
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