Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
According to the pathway model, an addictive pattern of mobile phone use is characterized by the use of specific applications, including calls, instant messaging, and the use of social networks.
“According to the pathway model, an addictive pattern of mobile phone use is characterized by the use of specific applications, including calls, instant messaging, and the use of social networks.”
From Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
Problematic mobile phone use is a multi-faceted condition, with dependent use being one of four possible pathways, in addition to dangerous, prohibited, and financially problematic use.
“Recent research has suggested problematic mobile phone use is a multi-faceted condition, with dependent use being one of four possible pathways, in addition to dangerous, prohibited, and financially problematic use [82].”
From Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
Research literature often approaches media use as a potential threat or harmful activity, using language around social media 'addiction' and 'problematic use', which can pathologise social media use despite insufficient evidence for considering it an addiction.
“For example, research literature often approaches media use as a potential threat or harmful activity, using language around social media "addiction" and "problematic use" [10,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79], which can pathologise social media use despite insufficient evidence for considering it an addiction [80].”
From Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
The smartphone has raised concerns about its potential to be addictive, as happens with other possible behavioral addictions such as those to the Internet or to social networking sites.
“Because of its popularity and because it is a relatively new device (compared to the “classical” mobile phone), the smartphone has raised concerns about its potential to be addictive [9,10,11,12] as happens with other possible behavioral addictions, such as those to the Internet or to social networking sites [13].”
From Problematic Use of the Internet and Smartphones in University Students: 2006–2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
The range of values for problematic users or addicts ranges between 0% and 35%, with 10-20% being the most frequent values, although there have been reports of 48% in university students.
“A preliminary comparison shows that the range of values for problematic users or addicts ranges between 0% and 35%, with 10–20% being the most frequent values [7,10,12], although there have been reports of 48% in university students [24].”
From Problematic Use of the Internet and Smartphones in University Students: 2006–2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
The term 'addiction' is an inadequate construct when used as simply 'Internet addiction'.
“However, despite the existence of problematic use, it seems that the term ‘addiction’ is an inadequate construct when used as simply “Internet addiction”, because: (i) the problematic use does not depend on the mobile phone or the Internet itself, but on the activities accessed on them; (ii) the problematic use can be the symptom of other disorders, not a primary disorder in itself [10,17]; (iii)”
From Problematic Use of the Internet and Smartphones in University Students: 2006–2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework
Griffiths, M. (2005) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659890500114359 · Cited by 3,088 · see citing works
Self-citationA pathways model of problem and pathological gambling
Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x · Cited by 2,013 · see citing works
Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)
Kwon, M., Lee, J.-Y., Won, W.-Y., Park, J.-W., Min, J.-A., Hahn, C., Gu, X., Choi, J.-H., & Kim, D.-J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056936 · Cited by 1,670 · see citing works
Psychological Predictors of Problem Mobile Phone Use
Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39 · Cited by 1,514 · see citing works
Thomée, S., Härenstam, A., & Hagberg, M. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-66 · Cited by 1,269 · see citing works
Behavior change interventions delivered by mobile telephone short message service
Fjeldsoe, B. S., Marshall, A. L., & Miller, Y. D. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.040 · Cited by 1,213 · see citing works
The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress
Lee, Y., Chang, C., Lin, Y., & Cheng, Z. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047 · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.049 · Cited by 990 · see citing works
Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research
Billieux, J., Schimmenti, A., Khazaal, Y., Maurage, P., & Heeren, A. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.009 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Self-citationPetry, N. M., Rehbein, F., Gentile, D. A., Lemmens, J. S., Rumpf, H., Mößle, T., Bischof, G., Tao, R., Fung, D. S. S., Borges, G., et al. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12457 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model
Billieux, J. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340012803520522 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Self-citationLeung, L. (2008) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482790802078565 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Social networking on smartphones: When mobile phones become addictive
Salehan, M., & Negahban, A. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.003 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI)
Lin, Y.-H., Chang, L.-R., Lee, Y.-H., Tseng, H.-W., Kuo, T. B. J., & Chen, S.-H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098312 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
The role of impulsivity in actual and problematic use of the mobile phone
Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., & Rochat, L. (2008) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1429 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Self-citationNomophobia: Dependency on virtual environments or social phobia?
King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M., Silva, A. C. O., Baczynski, T., Carvalho, M. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.025 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Personality and self reported mobile phone use
Butt, S., & Phillips, J. G. (2007) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.01.019 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Personality and self-esteem as predictors of young people's technology use
Ehrenberg, A., Juckes, S., White, K. M., & Walsh, S. P. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0030 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V
Stein, D. J., Phillips, K. A., Bolton, D., Fulford, K. W. M., Sadler, J. Z., & Kendler, K. S. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709992261 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., De Beurs, E., & Van Den Brink, W. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01380.x · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Griffiths, M., & University of Plymouth (1995) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.1995.1.76.14 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Youth
Kim, D., Lee, Y., Lee, J., Nam, J. K., & Chung, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097920 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Associations between problematic mobile phone use and psychological parameters in young adults
Augner, C., & Hacker, G. W. (2012) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-011-0234-z · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Yen, C., Tang, T., Yen, J., Lin, H., Huang, C., Liu, S., & Ko, C. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.006 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Why gamblers fail to win: a review of cognitive and neuroimaging findings in pathological gambling.
van Holst, R. V., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D., & Goudriaan, A. (2010) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.007 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Prevalence of problematic mobile phone use in British adolescents.
Lopez-Fernandez, O., Honrubia-Serrano, L., Freixa-Blanxart, M., & Gibson, W. (2014) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0260 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Mobile phone addiction: A point of issue
CHÓLIZ, M. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02854.x · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Billieux, J., Philippot, P., Schmid, C., Maurage, P., De Mol, J., & Van der Linden, M. (2015) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1910 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citationKhang, H., Kim, J. K., & Kim, Y. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.027 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Characteristics of excessive cellular phone use in Korean adolescents
Ha, J. H., Chin, B., Park, D.-H., Ryu, S.-H., & Yu, J. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0096 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Latent class analysis on internet and smartphone addiction in college students
Choi, S., Mok, J. Y., Kim, D., Choi, J., Lee, J., Ahn, H., Choi, E.-J., & Song, W. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s59293 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Towards a Sociological Theory of the Mobile Phone
Geser, H. (2004) · Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Dong, G., DeVito, E. E., Du, X., & Cui, Z. (2012) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.001 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
King, A. L., Valença, A. M., & Nardi, A. (2010) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0b013e3181b7eabc · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Problematic involvement in online games: A cluster analytic approach
Billieux, J., Thorens, G., Khazaal, Y., ZULLINO, D. F., Achab, S., & der Linden, M. V. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.055 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of urgency and its underlying psychological mechanisms in problematic behaviours.
Billieux, J., Gay, P., Rochat, L., & der Linden, M. V. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.07.008 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationCyber-bullying: An investigation of the psychological profile of university student participants
Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N., & Markos, A. (2014) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.04.001 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
No mobile, no life: Self-perception and text-message dependency among Japanese high school students
Igarashi, T., Motoyoshi, T., Takai, J., & Yoshida, T. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.12.001 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
A preliminary investigation into the prevalence and prediction of problematic cell phone use
Smetaniuk, P. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/jba.3.2014.004 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Does impulsivity relate to perceived dependence on and actual use of the mobile phone?
Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., d'Acremont, M., Ceschi, G., & Zermatten, A. (2007) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1289 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationLu, X., Watanabe, J., Liu, Q., Uji, M., Shono, M., & Kitamura, T. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.009 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Cellular phones and fatal traffic collisions
Violanti, J. M. (1998) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/s0001-4575(97)00094-8 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Risk Perceptions of Mobile Phone Use While Driving
White, M. P., Eiser, J. R., & Harris, P. R. (2004) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00434.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Dir, A. L., Cyders, M. A., & Coskunpinar, A. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.039 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Groman, S. M., James, A. S., & Jentsch, J. D. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.008 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Littel, M., van den Berg, I., Luijten, M., van Rooij, A. J., Keemink, L. M., & Franken, I. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00467.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Innovation in practice: mobile phone technology in patient care
Blake, H. (2008) · British Journal of Community Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjcn.2008.13.4.29024 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Billieux, J., Lagrange, G., der Linden, M. V., Lançon, C., Adida, M., & Jeanningros, R. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.001 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationRoberts, J. A., & Pirog, S. F. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/jba.1.2012.011 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Recent Translational Findings on Impulsivity in Relation to Drug Abuse
Weafer, J. J., Mitchell, S. H., & de Wit, H. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0035-6 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Which psychological factors influence Internet addiction? Evidence through an integrative model
Burnay, J., Billieux, J., Blairy, S., & Larøi, F. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.039 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbonell, X., Guardiola, E., Beranuy, M., & Bellés, A. (2009) · Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA · doi:10.3163/1536-5050.97.2.006 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Zheng, F., Gao, P., He, M., Li, M., Wang, C., Zeng, Q., Zhou, Z., Yu, Z., & Zhang, L. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1022 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Cellular Phone Dependence Tendency of Female University Students
Toda, M., Monden, K., Kubo, K., & Morimoto, K. (2004) · Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene) · doi:10.1265/jjh.59.383 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Dir, A. L., & Cyders, M. A. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0370-7 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Yuan, G., Yao, J., Li, C., & Cheng, Z. (2010) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00444.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Lu, X., Katoh, T., Chen, Z., Nagata, T., & Kitamura, T. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.024 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A multi-national study of attitudes about mobile phone use in social settings
Nickerson, R. C., Isaac, H., & Mak, B. L. (2008) · International Journal of Mobile Communications · doi:10.1504/ijmc.2008.019321 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Visual field attention is reduced by concomitant hands-free conversation on a cellular telephone
Barkana, Y., Zadok, D., Morad, Y., & Avni, I. (2004) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.04.016 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Nicol, A. R., & Fleming, M. J. (2010) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220903585861 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Clinical and Research Implications of Gambling Disorder in DSM-5
Weinstock, J., & Rash, C. J. (2014) · Current Addiction Report · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0026-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030 · Cited by 1,689 · see citing works
Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned
Kuss, D., & Griffiths, M. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14030311 · Cited by 1,603 · see citing works
Self-citationElhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079 · Cited by 1,020 · see citing works
Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?
Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018) · Journal of behavioral addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.49 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours?
Kardefelt‐Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., van Rooij, A., Maurage, P., Carras, M., Edman, J., Blaszczynski, A., Khazaal, Y., & Billieux, J. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13763 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Self-citationWolniewicz, C. A., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., & Elhai, J. D. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.058 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Franchina, V., Vanden Abeele, M., Van Rooij, A. J., Lo Coco, G., & De Marez, L. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15102319 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
“It is likely that the way in which problem use manifests itself depends on the particular underlying psychological mechanism [6,7].”
BackgroundExcessive Smartphone Use Is Associated With Health Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults
Wacks, Y., & Weinstein, A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669042 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
“There have been several reviews in recent years that have discussed the issue whether excessive smartphone use is considered a behavioral addiction (1, 2).”
BackgroundLong, J., Liu, T.-Q., Liao, Y.-H., Qi, C., He, H.-Y., Chen, S.-B., & Billieux, J. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1083-3 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationBrand, M., Rumpf, H.-J., Demetrovics, Z., MÜller, A., Stark, R., King, D. L., Goudriaan, A. E., Mann, K., Trotzke, P., Fineberg, N. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00035 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Self-citationDempsey, A. E., O'Brien, K. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., & Elhai, J. D. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100150 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2016) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.007 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Do smartphone usage scales predict behavior?
Ellis, D. A., Davidson, B. I., Shaw, H., & Geyer, K. (2019) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.05.004 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Rozgonjuk, D., Levine, J. C., Hall, B. J., & Elhai, J. D. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.019 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Leung, H., Pakpour, A. H., Strong, C., Lin, Y.-C., Tsai, M.-C., Griffiths, M. D., Lin, C.-Y., & Chen, I.-H. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.027 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationSmartphone addiction and associated consequences: Role of loneliness and self-regulation
Mahapatra, S. (2019) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2018.1560499 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Domoff, S. E., Harrison, K., Gearhardt, A. N., Gentile, D. A., Lumeng, J. C., & Miller, A. L. (2019) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000163 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Hussain, Z., Griffiths, M. D., & Sheffield, D. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.052 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationDefinition of Substance and Non-substance Addiction
Zou, Z., Wang, H., d’Oleire Uquillas, F., Wang, X., Ding, J., & Chen, H. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_2 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week
Elhai, J. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., Levine, J. C., Picard, K. J., & Hall, B. J. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.051 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Kim, S.-G., Park, J., Kim, H.-T., Pan, Z., Lee, Y., & McIntyre, R. S. (2019) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-019-0224-8 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Yang, Z., Asbury, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9961-1 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationProblematic Use of the Internet and Smartphones in University Students: 2006–2017
Carbonell, X., Chamarro, A., Oberst, U., Rodrigo, B., & Prades, M. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15030475 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
“However, despite the existence of problematic use, it seems that the term ‘addiction’ is an inadequate construct when used as simply “Internet addiction”, because: (i) the problematic use does not depend on the mobile phone or the Internet itself, but on the activities accessed on them; (ii) the problematic use can be…”
BackgroundLopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., Romo, L., Morvan, Y., Kern, L., Graziani, P., Rousseau, A., Rumpf, H.-J., Bischof, A., Gässler, A.-K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.020 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, I.-H., Strong, C., Lin, Y.-C., Tsai, M.-C., Leung, H., Lin, C.-Y., Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.018 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationHu, B., Mao, Y., & Kim, K. J. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107760 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Chen, I.-H., Pakpour, A. H., Leung, H., Potenza, M. N., Su, J.-A., Lin, C.-Y., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00023 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationKuss, D. J., Kanjo, E., Crook-Rumsey, M., Kibowski, F., Wang, G. Y., & Sumich, A. (2018) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-017-0041-3 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationMobile phone addiction and adolescents’ anxiety and depression: the moderating role of mindfulness
Yang, X., Zhou, Z., Liu, Q., & Fan, C. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-01323-2 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Ellis, D. A. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.006 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Cross-generational analysis of predictive factors of addictive behavior in smartphone usage
Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M., & Blau, M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.061 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., O’Brien, K. D., & Armour, C. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.026 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
A critical consideration of social networking sites’ addiction potential
Carbonell, X., & Panova, T. (2017) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2016.1197915 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Rozgonjuk, D., Kattago, M., & Täht, K. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.003 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Li, J., Zhan, D., Zhou, Y., & Gao, X. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106857 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Cui, G., Yin, Y., Li, S., Chen, L., Liu, X., Tang, K., & Li, Y. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03451-4 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Is the smartphone a smart choice? The effect of smartphone separation on executive functions
Hartanto, A., & Yang, H. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.002 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Lian, L., You, X., Huang, J., & Yang, R. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.027 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Coyne, S. M., Stockdale, L., & Summers, K. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.014 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Problematic smartphone use: Investigating contemporary experiences using a convergent design
Kuss, D., Harkin, L., Kanjo, E., & Billieux, J. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15010142 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationHawk, S. T., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., van Lissa, C. J., & ter Bogt, T. F. M. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.032 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Problematic smartphone use: an empirically validated model
Pivetta, E., Harkin, L., Billieux, J., Kanjo, E., & Kuss, D. J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.013 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermining typical smartphone usage: What data do we need?
Wilcockson, T. D. W., Ellis, D. A., & Shaw, H. (2018) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0652 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Alotaibi, M., Fox, M., Coman, R., Ratan, Z., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063710 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Unhappy and addicted to your phone?- Higher mobile phone use is associated with lower well-being
Volkmer, S. A., & Lermer, E. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.015 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
León Méndez, M., Padrón, I., Fumero, A., & Marrero, R. J. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105572 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“…technology qualifies as an addictive behavior or meets the criteria for recognition as a disorder under the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), as it is unclear whether it causes functional damage at a physiological level or is maintained over time (Billieux et al., 2015; Pies, 2009).”
BackgroundZhang, G., Yang, X., Tu, X., Ding, N., & Lau, J. T. F. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.047 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Baggio, S., Starcevic, V., Studer, J., Simon, O., Gainsbury, S. M., Gmel, G., & Billieux, J. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000379 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationMoretta, T., Buodo, G., Demetrovics, Z., & Potenza, M. N. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152286 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Elhai, J. D., & Contractor, A. A. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.010 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Nomophobia: Is the Fear of Being without a Smartphone Associated with Problematic Use?
Kaviani, F., Robards, B., Young, K. L., & Koppel, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176024 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Digital detox: The effect of smartphone abstinence on mood, anxiety, and craving
Wilcockson, T. D. W., Osborne, A. M., & Ellis, D. A. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.06.002 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Mobile gaming and problematic smartphone use: A comparative study between Belgium and Finland
Lopez-Fernandez, O., Männikkö, N., Kääriäinen, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Kuss, D. J. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.080 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationHypernatural Monitoring: A Social Rehearsal Account of Smartphone Addiction
Veissière, S. P. L., & Stendel, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00141 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“, 2014; Twenge, 2017), and social anxiety (Billieux et al., 2015; Emanuel et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2017), spawning a generation of anti-social, chronically anxious, self-obsessed ‘zombies’ (Lu and Lo, 2017).”
BackgroundMitchell, L., & Hussain, Z. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8080074 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2019) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-019-00260-4 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Scott, H., & Woods, H. C. (2019) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-019-00148-9 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Extremera, N., Quintana-Orts, C., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Rey, L. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16173142 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Social isolation, social support and their relationship with smartphone addiction
Al-Kandari, Y. Y., & Al-Sejari, M. M. (2021) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2020.1749698 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Problematic smartphone use among Lebanese adults aged 18–65 years using MPPUS-10
Nahas, M., Hlais, S., Saberian, C., & Antoun, J. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.009 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
kita, E., & Luria, G. (2018) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2018.09.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI): psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis
Pavia, L., Cavani, P., Di Blasi, M., & Giordano, C. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.039 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Zhen, R., Liu, R.-D., Hong, W., & Zhou, X. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16132286 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Problematic smartphone use and academic achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Paterna, A., Alcaraz-Ibáñez, M., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Salavera, C., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00014 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, X.-J., Liu, Q.-Q., Lian, S.-L., & Zhou, Z.-K. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106426 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Lee, M. H. L., Kaur, M., Shaker, V., Yee, A., Sham, R., & Siau, C. S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043136 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Tugtekin, U., Barut Tugtekin, E., Kurt, A. A., & Demir, K. (2020) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305120963760 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The relationship between sleep and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A systematic review
Mac Cárthaigh, S., Griffin, C., & Perry, J. (2020) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2020.100897 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Gao, Q., Jia, G., Zhao, J., & Zhang, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01810 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gül, H., Fırat, S., Sertçelik, M., Gül, A., Gürel, Y., & Kılıç, B. G. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2018.1472923 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Compulsive smartphone usage and users' ill-being among young Indians: Does personality matter?
Panda, A., & Jain, N. K. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.03.006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
PTSD's relation with problematic smartphone use: Mediating role of impulsivity
Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., & Elhai, J. D. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.018 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Quantifying smartphone ‘use’: Choice of measurement impacts relationships between ‘usage’ and health
Shaw, H., Ellis, D. A., Geyer, K., Davidson, B. I., Ziegler, F. V., & Smith, A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mpxra · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Männikkö, N., Ruotsalainen, H., Miettunen, J., Marttila-Tornio, K., & Kääriäinen, M. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03415 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Chun, J.-W., Choi, J., Kim, J.-Y., Cho, H., Ahn, K.-J., Nam, J.-H., Choi, J.-S., & Kim, D.-J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08824-y · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mobile phone use pattern and addiction in relation to depression and anxiety
Desouky, D. E.-S., & Abu-Zaid, H. (2020) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/emhj.20.043 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nuevas tecnologías - ¿ Nuevas patologías ? El smartphone y el fear of missing out
Gil, F., Oberst, U., Del Valle, G., & Chamarro, A. (2015) · Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport · doi:10.51698/aloma.2015.33.2.77-83 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A model for risk factors harms and of smartphone addiction among nursing students: A scoping review
Zhou, B., Mui, L. G., Li, J., Yang, Y., & Hu, J. (2024) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2024.103874 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Perceived Addictiveness of Smartphone Games: A Content Analysis of Game Reviews by Players
Balakrishnan, J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9897-5 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationTurgeman, L., Hefner, I., Bazon, M., Yehoshua, O., & Weinstein, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041262 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
McDaniel, B. T. (2021) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.267 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Yang, Z., Asbury, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00204-z · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMalik, L., Shahnawaz, M. G., Rehman, U., Pragyendu, Uniyal, R., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-023-00323-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, C., Ding, N., Yang, X., Xu, H., Lai, X., Tu, X., Lv, Y., Xu, D., & Zhang, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.752210 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Color me calm: Grayscale phone setting reduces anxiety and problematic smartphone use
Holte, A. J., Giesen, D. T., & Ferraro, F. R. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02020-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Al. Qudah, M. F., Albursan, I. S., Hammad, H. I., Alzoubi, A. M., Bakhiet, S. F., Almanie, A. M., Alenizi, S. S., Aljomaa, S. S., & Al-Khadher, M. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111016 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Liu, X.-X. L. (2021) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2021.2.9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fortunato, L., Lo Coco, G., Teti, A., Bonfanti, R. C., & Salerno, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20156439 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Yang, H., Guo, H., Zhu, Z., Yuan, G., Zhang, X., Zhang, K., Lu, X., Zhang, J., Du, J., Shi, H., et al. (2023) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-023-00536-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Lu, Y., Tian, X., Liu, Y., & Ma, W. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25060 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Liu, X., Liu, H., Kendrick, K. M., Montag, C., & Becker, B. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.598945 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Felices-Yupari, A., Mendoza-Fernandez, L., Orellana, M. E., & Loayza-Rivas, J. (2025) · Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport · doi:10.51698/aloma.2025.43.2.22-31
“En este contexto, el uso problemá-tico del smartphone se entiende como un patrón de uso incontrolado y compulsivo de este dispositivo, asocia-do a consecuencias negativas y a alteraciones en el funcionamiento cotidiano (Billieux, 2012; Billieux et al. , 2015).”
Adicción a redes sociales y procrastinación académica en estudiantes universitarios de Lima
Lunahuana Rosales, M. A. (2025) · Universidad Científica del Sur · doi:10.21142/tm.2023.3494
“…estos contextos, se realizaron diversos estudios que analizaron la relación de la procrastinación académica con el uso excesivo del teléfono móvil (Billieux et al., 2015; Qaisar et al., 2017; Cebi et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019; Hidalgo-Fuentes; 2022) y con la adicción al internet (Carbonell et…”
- Authors
- Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (BE)
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Billieux, Joël
- Venue
- Current Addiction Reports
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 156-162
- ISSN
- 2196-2952 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2024642011
- Cited by
- 1,205
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 153 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 14
- FWCI
- 168.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Addiction Reports (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- problematic mobile phone use, behavioral addiction, mobile phone addiction, neurobiology of addiction, relationship problems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
