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Aging and Possible Benefits or Negatives of Lifelong Endurance Running: How Master Male Athletes Differ from Young Athletes and Elderly Sedentary?
Abstract
Regular physical activity, recommended by the WHO, is crucial in maintaining a good physical fitness level and health status and slows down the effects of aging. However, there is a lack of knowledge of whether lifelong endurance running, with a volume and frequency above the WHO limits, still brings the same benefits, or several negative effects too. The present study aims to examine the protentional benefits and risks of lifelong endurance running training in Master male athletes, as this level of physical activity is above the WHO recommendations. Within the study, four main groups of participants will be included: (1) endurance-trained master athletes, (2) endurance-trained young athletes, (3) young sedentary adults, and (4) elderly sedentary. Both groups of athletes are strictly marathon runners, who are still actively running. The broad spectrum of the diagnostic tests, from the questionnaires, physical fitness testing, and blood sampling to muscle biopsy, will be performed to obtain the possibility of complexly analyzing the effects of lifelong endurance physical activity on the human body and aging. Moreover, the study will try to discover and explain new relationships between endurance running and diagnostic parameters, not only within aging.
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“Master athletes experience a progressive decline in physiological capacity, primarily driven by reductions in VO2max, maximal heart rate, stroke volume, and skeletal muscle mass.”
From Ageing, Sex Differences, and REDs Risk in Endurance Runners: An Integrated Cross-Sectional Study Protocol (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“After approximately 70 years of age, the rate of performance decline accelerates, exceeding 1.3% per year in both sexes.”
From Ageing, Sex Differences, and REDs Risk in Endurance Runners: An Integrated Cross-Sectional Study Protocol (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“While older male runners generally retain higher absolute performance levels, they often exhibit steeper relative declines compared with female runners, suggesting that ageing may partially attenuate sex-based performance differences, particularly in long-duration endurance events [5,7,8].”
From Ageing, Sex Differences, and REDs Risk in Endurance Runners: An Integrated Cross-Sectional Study Protocol (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
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World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour
Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J.-P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955 · Cited by 11,657 · cited 5×
“For adults (18–64) and older adults (≥65), the World Health Organization’s [5] current recommendation for physical activity for maintaining health and fitness proposes a multimodal program with 150–300 min of moderate and/or 75–150 min vigorous-intensity of endurance activity per week.”
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“From the aging perspective, the relative energy deficiency may negatively affect bone health and might increase the risks of osteoporosis development, which might be associated with higher risks of several fractures and injuries in the higher age of both elderly and master athletes [26,27].”
BackgroundAccelerated longitudinal decline of aerobic capacity in healthy older adults
Fleg, J. L., Morrell, C. H., Bos, A. G., Brant, L. J., Talbot, L. A., Wright, J. G., & Lakatta, E. G. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.545459 · Cited by 970
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Lundy, B., Melin, A., Meyer, N., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136 · Cited by 447
Exercise Attenuates the Major Hallmarks of Aging
Garatachea, N., Pareja-Galeano, H., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Santos-Lozano, A., Fiuza-Luces, C., Morán, M., Emanuele, E., Joyner, M. J., & Lucia, A. (2015) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2014.1623 · Cited by 413
Role of Lifestyle and Aging on the Longitudinal Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Jackson, A. S., Sui, X., Hébert, J. R., Church, T. S., & Blair, S. N. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.312 · Cited by 329 · cited 1×
“On the other hand, it has been shown that reaching and maintaining a high level of both physical fitness and activity during the life span could be an effective strategy to reduce the age-related decline in physiological functions [4].”
BackgroundAging human body: changes in bone, muscle and body fat with consequent changes in nutrient intake
JafariNasabian, P., Inglis, J. E., Reilly, W., Kelly, O. J., & Ilich, J. Z. (2017) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-16-0603 · Cited by 310
Muscle morphology and performance in master athletes: A systematic review and meta-analyses
Mckendry, J., Breen, L., Shad, B. J., & Greig, C. A. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.007 · Cited by 111
Nutrition for Special Populations: Young, Female, and Masters Athletes
Desbrow, B., Burd, N. A., Tarnopolsky, M., Moore, D. R., & Elliott-Sale, K. J. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0269 · Cited by 100
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Cited by
Oreská, Ľ., Kundeková, B., Varga, L., Stebelová, K., Okuliarová, M., Payer, J., & Sedliak, M. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14030121
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Vajda, M., Oreská, Ľ., Černáčková, A., Čupka, M., Tirpáková, V., Cvečka, J., Hamar, D., Protasi, F., Šarabon, N., Zampieri, S., Löfler, S., Kern, H., & Sedliak, M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-10-13
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 13184
- ISSN
- 1660-4601
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 10
- Language
- en
- Funders
- cross-border cooperation program INTERREG V-A Slovakia—Austria through the project Center of Active Ageing—Competence Center for Health
- European Regional Development Fund (partners: Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiko- & Rheumatherapie GmbH, St. Pölten, Austria)
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- Vajda, M., Oreská, Ľ., Černáčková, A., Čupka, M., Tirpáková, V., Cvečka, J., Hamar, D., Protasi, F., Šarabon, N., Zampieri, S., Löfler, S., Kern, H., & Sedliak, M. (2022). Aging and Possible Benefits or Negatives of Lifelong Endurance Running: How Master Male Athletes Differ from Young Athletes and Elderly Sedentary? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013184
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