How Has COVID-19 Affected Mental Health and Lifestyle Behaviors after 2 Years? The Third Step of a Longitudinal Study of Italian Citizens
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The COVID-19 pandemic and its protective measures had a tremendous effect on the general population’s mental health and deeply affected their lifestyle. The present study carried out a longitudinal analysis to evaluate the long-lasting psychological effects of the pandemic and its impact on the general population’s day-to-day routine. Three points in time were considered: the initial period of the lockdown (T1; n = 2766; March 2020), the final period of the lockdown (T2; n = 439; May 2020) and two years after the lockdown (T3; n = 268; July 2022). Frequency analyses were carried out to examine which behavioral changes were maintained following the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown; furthermore, a repeated measures ANOVA test was run to measure differences in depression, stress, and anxiety levels between the three periods considered; lastly, multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses were carried out to examine which variables were associated with psychological distress more than two years after the lockdown. The results highlighted that depression at T3 was associated with depression at T2 and negative affect, whereas stress at T3 was associated with stress at T2 and detachment. The psychological effects and lifestyle changes are also discussed.
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Longitudinal studies reported high levels of psychological distress, especially depression and stress, in the Italian population during the COVID-19 lockdown, with a peak during the final period of the lockdown in May 2020.
“Longitudinal studies [3] reported high levels of psychological distress (especially in the dimensions of depression and stress) in the Italian population, with a peak during the final period of the lockdown (May 2020).”
From The Role of Pre-Pandemic Mental Health Status and Personality Traits on Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Lockdown among Italian Young Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Colasanti, M., Cardinale, A., Bosco, F., Biondi, S., Tambelli, R., Di Domenico, A., Verrocchio, M. C., & Roma, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Chieti-Pescara (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Mazza, Cristina
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-12-31
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 759
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9819689
- OpenAlex
- W4313471850
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2024: 4 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Sapienza University of Rome (RM12117A8AB41216)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, mental health, lifestyle habits, depression, stress, anxiety, psychological distress, long-term psychological effects, behavior change, Italian citizens
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety, Communicable Disease Control, Depression, Humans, Life Style, Longitudinal Studies, Mental Health, Stress, Psychological, Pandemics
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