Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Study objectives No systematic review or meta-analysis has yet been conducted to examine the impact of the pandemic on the prevalence of sleep problems among the general population, health care workers, or patients with COVID-19. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to assess the impact and prevalence of sleep problems among those categories.Methods American Psychological Association PsycINFO, Cochrane, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCOhost, EMBASE, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, ProQuest Medical, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science from November 1, 2019 to July 5, 2020 were used. Additionally, 5 preprints servers (medRxiv.org; preprints.org; psyarxiv.com; arXiv.org; biorxiv.org) were also searched for papers accepted after peer review but not yet published and indexed. There was no language restriction. The random-effect models meta-analysis model was used with the DerSimonian and Laird methodology.Results Forty-four papers, involving a total of 54,231 participants from 13 countries, were judged relevant and contributed to the systematic review and meta-analysis of sleep problems during COVID-19. The global pooled prevalence rate of sleep problems among all populations was 35.7% (95% confidence interval, 29.4-42.4%). Patients with COVID-19 appeared to be the most affected group, with a pooled rate of 74.8% (95% confidence interval, 28.7-95.6%). Health care workers and the general population had comparative rates of sleep problems, with rates of 36.0% (95% confidence interval, 21.1-54.2%) and 32.3% (95% confidence interval, 25.3-40.2%), respectively.Conclusions The prevalence of sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic is high and affects approximately 40% of people from the general and health care populations. Patients with active COVID-19 appeared to have a higher prevalence rates of sleep problems.
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Students appear to exhibit worse sleep in the 5 weeks before their exams compared to the rest of the semester.
“Moreover, students appear to exhibit worse sleep in the 5 weeks before their exams compared to the rest of the semester [83].”
From A systematic review and meta-analysis of poor sleep, insomnia symptoms and stress in undergraduate students (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
The Meta-analysis of sleep problems and Conclusions sections report sleep-problem prevalence during COVID-19, not changes in students’ sleep across a semester. Searches for exams, the five weeks before exams, and a comparison with the rest of the semester found no passage addressing that comparison. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPSQI prevalence was similar to general population estimates during the outbreak when measured with the same tool.
“PSQI prevalence was also comparable to that in the general population during the outbreak determined using the same tool (Jahrami et al., 2021).”
From Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Jahrami et al., 2021
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BackgroundLong-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review
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“PSQI prevalence was also comparable to that in the general population during the outbreak determined using the same tool (Jahrami et al., 2021).”
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“A recent study conducted a meta-analysis to understand the sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic [38].”
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“%) because of the core symptoms of the disease, including cough, fever, in fl ammation, and shortness of breath, all of which are related to sleep disturbances [2].”
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“Prevalence rates obtained for all three conditions - insomnia, anxiety, and depression, are comparable or higher to those reported in previous surveys conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic within the general population [3,7] and with health-care workers [4,5,9,10].”
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Sharma, M., Aggarwal, S., Madaan, P., Saini, L. K., & Bhutani, M. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.002 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“However, the rampant psychological concerns and fear probably escalated the sleep problems in adults [24].”
BackgroundBhat, S., & Chokroverty, S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.021 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“There is already a wealth of published information relating to changes in sleep among various populations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic [2], although the long-term implications remain to be determined given that the global health crisis remains ongoing.”
BackgroundMental Health during the COVID-19 Crisis in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Chen, J., Chen, J., Zhang, M., Chen, R. Z., Kechen, D. R., Dong, Z., Ye, Y., Tong, L., Chen, B. Z., Zhao, R., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010604 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“…p-value < 0.0001), Italy (55%; p-value < 0.0001), and France (51%; p-value < 0.0001), as well as the pooled prevalence in the 13 countries, including Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Germany, Greece, Iraq, India, Mexico, and the USA (36%; p-value < 0.0001), as reported by Jahrami et al. (2021) [59].”
BackgroundInfluentialVoltmer, E., Köslich-Strumann, S., Walther, A., Kasem, M., Obst, K. U., & Kötter, T. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11295-6 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“However, sleep problems have been frequently seen in COVID-19 patients [19].”
BackgroundMagnavita, N., Soave, P. M., & Antonelli, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147316 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“The effects found in our cohort correspond to those reported by other researchers: insomnia [56], anxiety [11], burnout [16], reduced happiness [57], lack of job satisfaction, and turnover intention [58] are common in HCWs.”
ResultBin-Jabr, M. A., Alalawi, I. S., Alzahrani, R. A., Albalawi, O. S., Hamzah, R. H., Ibrahim, Y. S., Buali, F., Husni, M., BaHammam, A. S., Vitiello, M. V., et al. (2023) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-023-00258-5 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Their unpredictable schedules may cause circadian rhythm abnormalities and poor sleep as a result [35, 41, 69].”
Self-citationSleep disturbance in post COVID-19 conditions: Prevalence and quality of life
Tedjasukmana, R., Budikayanti, A., Islamiyah, W. R., Witjaksono, A. M. A. L., & Hakim, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.1095606 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Carpi, M., Cianfarani, C., & Vestri, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052874 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“The recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic seemingly had a negative impact on both sleep quality [31] and health-related quality of life of the general population [32,33].”
BackgroundCircadian disturbances, sleep difficulties and the COVID-19 pandemic
Salehinejad, M. A., Azarkolah, A., Ghanavati, E., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.011 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“The rate of sleep problems is reported almost two times more in the patients infected with COVID-19 compared to the general population [73].”
Diabetes and COVID-19: Population Impact 18 Months Into the Pandemic
Gregg, E. W., Sophiea, M. K., & Weldegiorgis, M. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci21-0001 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis found 32% of the general population experiences sleep problems but did not assess changes across the pandemic (51).”
BackgroundGallé, F., Sabella, E. A., Roma, P., Ferracuti, S., Molin, G. D., Diella, G., Montagna, M. T., Orsi, G. B., Liguori, G., & Napoli, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010872 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Sleep problems represent a common consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide [42].”
BackgroundAl-Rasheed, M. M., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Jahrami, H., Pires, G. N., Saif, Z., Alenezi, A. F., Humood, A. M., Chen, W., Dai, H., Bragazzi, N. L., et al. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.06.020 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Prior systematic reviews have mainly focused on specific populations such as healthcare workers [7,12e17], students [10,18], COVID-19 patients [11], or children and adolescents [19]; whereas more limited research has compared prevalence rates of sleep disturbances across population types [1,5].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationZhang, S. X., Chen, R. Z., Xu, W., Yin, A., Dong, R. K., Chen, B. Z., Delios, A. Y., Miller, S., McIntyre, R. S., Ye, W., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19021018 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“The pooled prevalence rate for insomnia among Spain’s population (57%) is much higher than those in Germany (39%) and China (27%), as well as the pooled prevalence in 13 countries including Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Germany, Greece, Iraq, India, Mexico, and USA (36%), and is similar to Italy (55%) and France (51%),…”
BackgroundPappa, S., Sakkas, N., & Sakka, E. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.009 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Both groups were found to have comparative rates of sleep problems (36% in HCWs vs 32% in the general population) in a recent systematic review with meta-analysis including forty-four papers and a total of 54,231 participants from 13 countries, though significant variation within the literature was noted with estimate…”
InfluentialSalfi, F., Lauriola, M., D'Atri, A., Amicucci, G., Viselli, L., Tempesta, D., & Ferrara, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90993-y · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pappa, S., Chen, J., Barnett, J., Chang, A., Dong, R. K., Xu, W., Yin, A., Chen, B. Z., Delios, A., Chen, R. Z., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13306 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Salfi, F., D'Atri, A., Tempesta, D., & Ferrara, M. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13313 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Kolokotroni, O., Mosquera, M. C., Quattrocchi, A., Heraclides, A., Demetriou, C. A., & Philippou, E. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10863-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
COVID‐19 lockdown and poor sleep quality: Not the whole story
Alfonsi, V., Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Zivi, P., Sdoia, S., Mari, E., Fraschetti, A., Ferlazzo, F., Giannini, A. M., & Gennaro, L. D. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13368 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“In keeping with the studies describing the worsening of sleep quality during the COVID- 19 pandemic (Jahrami et al., 2021), our present findings identified an increase in poor sleepers during the lockdown (51”
ResultRelationship between the fear of COVID-19 disease and sleep quality: the mediating role of stress
Siddique, R. F., Ahmed, O., & Hossain, K. N. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07033 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…several empirical studies documented a higher prevalence of poor sleep quality and sleep disturbances during the current pandemic (Beck et al., 2021; Jahrami et al., 2021; Martinez-Lezaun et al., 2020; Voitsidis et al., 2020); although the impact of this pandemic on sleep quality is inconclusive.”
Brain Mechanisms of COVID-19-Sleep Disorders
Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya, O. V., Mamedova, A., Telnova, V., Klimova, M., Saranceva, E. I., Ageev, V., Yu, T., Zhu, D. Y., Penzel, T., & Kurths, J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22136917 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“[59], interleukin-6 [48,60], interleukin-17 [61], C reactive protein [61,62], allograft inflammatory factor 1 (Iba-1) [33], matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) [35] and A2A adenosine receptors [35].”
BackgroundSahebi, A., Abdi, K., Moayedi, S., Torres, M., & Golitaleb, M. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110597 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“[19] showed that the prevalence of sleep disorders was higher in HCWs as compared with the general population (36%vs.”
BackgroundTime to Sleep?—A Review of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sleep and Mental Health
Neculicioiu, V. S., Colosi, I. A., Costache, C. A., Sevastre-Berghian, A., & Clichici, S. V. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063497 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Most of the aforementioned studies used broad definitions for sleep deficiencies, such as sleep problems [68,72], sleep disturbance [69,70,73] and sleep disorders [71], while one meta-review evaluated the prevalence of insomnia [74].”
BackgroundMehta, K. J. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-01031-1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, sleep problems have been highly prevalent in the general population (Gualano et al., 2020; Jahrami et al., 2021; Janati Idrissi et al., 2020) and the student community (Marelli et al., 2020).”
BackgroundOutdoor daylight exposure and longer sleep promote wellbeing under COVID‐19 mandated restrictions
Korman, M., Tkachev, V., Reis, C., Komada, Y., Kitamura, S., Gubin, D. G., Kumar, V., & Roenneberg, T. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13471 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…corrections; ns, non- significant studies (Florea et al., 2021; Gao & Scullin, 2020; Kocevska et al., 2020; Leone et al., 2020) and a recent meta- analysis that found that sleep problems of people from the general population during the COVID- 19 pandemic affected ~32% (Jahrami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundWu, D., Yang, T., Hall, D. L., Jiao, G., Huang, L., & Jiao, C. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03310-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Li, Y., Chen, B., Hong, Z., Sun, Q., Dai, Y., Basta, M., Tang, X., & Qin, Q. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.09.014 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In contrast to our study, two recent meta-analyses reported slightly lower prevalence of insomnia symptoms among healthcare workers [10,33].”
InfluentialDiaz, F., Cornelius, T. M., Bramley, S., Venner, H. K., Shaw, K., Dong, M., Pham, P., McMurry, C. L., Cannone, D. E., Sullivan, A. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.033 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Maqbali, M. A. H. A., Alsayed, A. R., Hughes, C., Hacker, E. D., & Dickens, G. L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302597 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Fazio, R. D., Mattei, V., Al-Naami, B. O., Vittorio, M. D., & Visconti, P. (2022) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi13081335 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Clinical Predictors of COVID-19 Severity and Mortality: A Perspective
Sharma, J., Rajput, R., Bhatia, M., Arora, P., & Sood, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.674277 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Limongi, F., Siviero, P., Trevisan, C., Noale, M., Catalani, F., Ceolin, C., Conti, S., Rosa, E. D., Perdixi, E., Remelli, F., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1166815 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sleep Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Mechanisms, and Management
Pataka, A., Kotoulas, S., Sakka, E., Katsaounou, P. A., & Pappa, S. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11111203 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Jahrami, 2021 [15] 44 papers, involving a total of 54,231 participants from 13 countries (general population, HCPs, and patients with COVID-19) Systematic review and meta-analysis Examine the impact of the pandemic on sleep problems prevalence • Global pooled prevalence rate of sleep problems among all populations was…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPeng, P., Liang, M., Wang, Q., Lu, L., Wu, Q., & Chen, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1040298 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Scarpelli, S., Zagaria, A., Ratti, P., Albano, A., Fazio, V., Musetti, A., Varallo, G., Castelnuovo, G., Plazzi, G., & Franceschini, C. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.07.012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“95 Differently from the previous meta-analytic studies [7,8], our study provides a better characterization of subjective sleep alterations during COVID-19 pandemic.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMoura, A. E. F., Oliveira, D. N., Torres, D., Tavares-Júnior, J. W. L., Nóbrega, P. R., Braga‐Neto, P., & Sobreira-Neto, M. A. (2022) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02940-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“While at the beginning of the pandemic a large number of investigations focused on the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep [9], there is now a wealth of data on sleep disorders as a result of SARSCoV-2 infection.”
BackgroundPankowski, D., & Wytrychiewicz‐Pankowska, K. (2023) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01703-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“, 2021), sleep problems (Jahrami et al., 2021), and other mental health issues.”
BackgroundAli, M., Uddin, Z., Ahsan, N. F., Haque, M. Z., Bairagee, M., Khan, S. A., & Hossain, A. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06985 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and its related sleep behaviors in the young generation.
Futenma, K., Takaesu, Y., Komada, Y., Shimura, A., Okajima, I., Matsui, K., Tanioka, K., & Inoue, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1174719 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Salfi, F., Amicucci, G., Corigliano, D., Viselli, L., D'Atri, A., Tempesta, D., Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., & Ferrara, M. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13767 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fränkl, E., Scarpelli, S., Nadorff, M. R., Bjorvatn, B., Bolstad, C. J., Chan, N. Y., Chung, F. F., Dauvilliers, Y. A., Espie, C. A., Inoue, Y., et al. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s324142 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Jahrami, H., Rashed, M., Al-Rasheed, M. M., Bragazzi, N. L., Saif, Z., Alhaj, O. A., BaHammam, A. S., & Vitiello, M. V. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s335462 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationNightmares in People with COVID-19: Did Coronavirus Infect Our Dreams?
Scarpelli, S., Nadorff, M. R., Bjorvatn, B., Chung, F., Dauvilliers, Y. A., Espie, C. A., Inoue, Y., Matsui, K., Merikanto, I., Morin, C. M., et al. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s344299 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Additionally, a recent review emphasized that COVID-19 patients have higher prevalence rates of sleep disturbances.(12) On the one hand, the fear related with the virus may be one of the main reasons for poor sleep quality.”
BackgroundZhang, J., Yuan, G., Guo, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, K., Lu, X., Yang, H., Zhu, Z., Jin, G., Shi, H., et al. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107715 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Di Consiglio, M., Merola, S., Pascucci, T., Violani, C., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189897 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Increased sleep duration and delayed sleep timing during the COVID-19 pandemic
Yuan, R. K., Zitting, K., Maskati, L., & Huang, J. J. S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14782-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ahn, E. K., Baek, Y., Park, J., Lee, S., & Jin, H. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075809 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Wester, C. T., Bovil, T., Scheel-Hincke, L. L., Ahrenfeldt, L. J., Möller, S., & Andersen‐Ranberg, K. (2022) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.05.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“[16] Jahrami H, BaHammam AS, Bragazzi NL, Saif Z, Faris M, Vitiello MV.”
Babicki, M., Piotrowski, P., & Mastalerz–Migas, A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12020692 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“to global reports, every year, there are more and more individuals suffering from sleep disorders, especially young people [5,6].”
BackgroundCasagrande, M., Forte, G., Tambelli, R., & Favieri, F. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s285854 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“During the pandemic, modifications in sleep patterns, such as increased sleep medication use, higher prevalence of insomnia, and a general decrease of perceived sleep quality were reported in association with lifestyle changes due to the confinement.(16,24,25).”
BackgroundThe potential impact of Covid-19 on CNS and psychiatric sequels
Dehghani, A., Zokaei, E., Kahani, S. M., Alavinejad, E., Dehghani, M., Meftahi, G. H., & Afarinesh, M. R. (2022) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103097 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“modulate the responses that maintain homeostasis (Altena et al., 2020; Ibarra-Coronado et al., 2015; Jahrami et al., 2021).”
Mental Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mexican Population: A Systematic Review
Hernández‐Díaz, Y., Mendoza, A. D. G., Ramos-Méndez, M. Á., Juárez‐Rojop, I. E., Tovilla‐Zárate, C. A., González‐Castro, T. B., López‐Narváez, M. L., & Nicolini, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116953 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Scarpelli, S., Gorgoni, M., Alfonsi, V., Annarumma, L., Natale, V. D., Pezza, E., & Gennaro, L. D. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13429 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“In addition, increased sleep disturbances and hypnotic medications were observed (Jahrami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSleep in Older Adults and Its Possible Relations With COVID-19
Pires, G. N., Ishikura, I. A., Xavier, S. D., Petrella, C., Piovezan, R. D., Xerfan, E. M. S., Andersen, M. L., & Tufik, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.647875 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Viselli, L., Salfi, F., D’Atri, A., Amicucci, G., & Ferrara, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413346 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“A heavily affected behavior among the general population was sleep [9].”
BackgroundKalamara, E. I., Pataka, A., Boutou, A., Panagiotidou, E. S., Georgopoulou, A., Ballas, E. T., Chloros, D. A., Metallidis, S., Kioumis, I. P., & Pitsiou, G. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111909 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cai, H. X., Chen, P., Jin, Y., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T. C. C., Ng, C. H., Xiang, Y., & Feng, Y. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02654-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“%) in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic [13].”
BackgroundJiang, A., Rosario, M., Stahl, S., Gill, J., & Rusch, H. L. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01272-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“, comparing app-based mindfulness meditation to in-person mindfulness meditation) Outcome Validated subjective or objective measure of sleep quality with pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments No validated measure of sleep quality or only a pre-intervention assessment Study design Randomized controlled tri…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBai, W., Zhao, Y.-J., An, F., Zhang, Q., Sha, S., Cheung, T. C. C., Cheng, C. P.-W., Ng, C. H., & Xiang, Y. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s326880 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“32%,(12) which was higher than the general population.(13) To reduce the risk of insomnia and develop effective measures to treat Correspondence: Yu-Tao Xiang Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 1/F, Building E12, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, People’s Republic of China Tel +853 8822-4223 Fax…”
BackgroundThe Positive Effects of Poria cocos Extract on Quality of Sleep in Insomnia Rat Models
Kim, H., Park, I.-S., Park, K.-R., Park, S., Kim, Y., & Park, B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116629 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Laddu, D., Biggs, E., Kaar, J. L., Khadanga, S., Alman, R., & Arena, R. A. (2022) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.017 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Prevalence of Sleep Problems Among Chinese Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sun, Y., Wang, H., Jin, T., Qiu, F., & Wang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.753419 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cai, H. X., Zhao, Y.-J., Xing, X., Tian, T., Qian, W., Liang, S., Wang, Z., Cheung, T. C. C., Su, Z., Tang, Y., et al. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s367974 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Alzhrani, A. M., Aboalshamat, K. T., Badawoud, A. M., Abdouh, I. M., Badri, H. M., Quronfulah, B. S., Mahmoud, M. A., & Rajeh, M. T. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280681 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Boston College daily sleep and well-being survey data during early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic
Cunningham, T. J., Fields, E. C., & Kensinger, E. A. (2021) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-021-00886-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pre-sleep arousal and sleep quality during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy
Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Mangiaruga, A., Alfonsi, V., Bonsignore, M. R., Fanfulla, F., Ferini‐Strambi, L., Nobili, L., Plazzi, G., Gennaro, L. D., et al. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.10.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Indeed, among the instruments used to assess selfreported sleep features during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI [4]) was the most frequently used [3].”
InfluentialSleep dissatisfaction is a potential marker for nomophobia in adults.
Jahrami, H. A., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Saif, Z., Alhaj, O., Alrasheed, M. M., Pandi-Perumal, S., Bahammam, A. S., & Vitiello, M. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.07.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationPellitteri, G., Surcinelli, A., Martino, M. D., Fabris, M., Janes, F., Bax, F., Marini, A., Milanič, R., Piani, A., Isola, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.929480 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sleep timing, workplace well-being and mental health in healthcare workers.
Coelho, J., Lucas, G., Micoulaud-Franchi, J., Tran, B., Yon, D., Taillard, J., d’Incau, E., Philip, P., Boyer, L., & Fond, G. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.09.013 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sleep Deprivation, Immune Suppression and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Ragnoli, B., Pochetti, P., Pignatti, P., Barbieri, M., Mondini, L., Ruggero, L., Trotta, L., Montuschi, P., & Malerba, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020904 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“[89] showed that male sex and older age in the COVID-19 subgroup were associated with higher rate of sleep disturbances.”
BackgroundThe role of sleep and dreams in long‐ COVID
Scarpelli, S., Santis, A. D., Alfonsi, V., Gorgoni, M., Morin, C. M., Espie, C. A., Merikanto, I., Chung, F. F., Penzel, T., Bjorvatn, B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13789 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“%) of sleep disorders (Jahrami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultThe Impact of Quarantine on Sleep Quality and Psychological Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Al-Rasheed, M. M., Alkadir, A. M., Shuqiran, K. B., Al-Aqeel, S., Jahrami, H., & BaHammam, A. S. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s313373 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“2%) in the general population and healthcare worker, respectively.(3) Other reviews on the impact of COVID-19 on mental health found an increase in the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorders, worsening of psychiatric symptoms, increased depression/depressive symptoms, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress…”
BackgroundSelf-citationKoban, K., Neureiter, A., Stević, A., & Matthes, J. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107175 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Astrocytes and the Psychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19: What We Learned from the Pandemic
Steardo, L., Steardo, L., & Scuderi, C. (2022) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-022-03709-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Guo, N., Tsun Luk, T., Wu, Y., Lai, A. Y.-K., Li, Y., Cheung, D. Y. T., Wong, J. Y.-H., Fong, D. Y. T., & Wang, M. P. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107408 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Quality of Sleep
Choudhry, A. A., Shahzeen, F., Choudhry, S. A., Batool, N., Murtaza, F., Dilip, A., Rani, M., & Chandnani, A. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.18182 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Disrupted Sleep During a Pandemic
Kumar, N., & Gupta, R. M. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.10.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection make the largest proportion of the group in which sleep quality was poor during pandemic (nearly three-fourth reported).(11) This is in contrast to another metaanalysis, which reported that only 34% of patients having SARS-CoV-2 infection had disturbed sleep or poor quality sleep.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSleepEGAN: A GAN-enhanced ensemble deep learning model for imbalanced classification of sleep stages
Cheng, X., Huang, K., Zou, Y., & Ma, S. (2024) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106020 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ebrahim, A. H., Dhahi, A., Husain, M. A., & Jahrami, H. (2021) · Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · doi:10.18295/squmj.6.2021.081 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationConte, F., Rosa, O. D., Rescott, M. L., Arabia, T. P., D’Onofrio, P., Lustro, A., Malloggi, S., Molinaro, D., Spagnoli, P., Giganti, F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13519 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Early evidence from the Covid- 19 crisis has shown wide- ranging disruptions to personal schedules, psychological health and sleep throughout the world, with pooled data from international populations placing the prevalence of sleep problems at 35.7% (for a review, see Jahrami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialImpairment of executive functions due to sleep alterations: An integrative review on the use of P300
Lima, N. C., Kirov, R., & de Almondes, K. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.906492 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Considering the growing prevalence of sleep alterations and sleep disorders worldwide (Jahrami et al., 2021), as well as the cognitive impairment related to them, the present study intends to review pertaining literature regarding the use and efficiency of P300 to assess impairment of the executive functions under sle…”
Backgroundvan der Velden, P. G., Marchand, M. A. G., Das, M., Muffels, R. J. A., & Bosmans, M. W. G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276834 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Sleep Disturbances: A Literature Review of Clinical Evidence
Shaik, L., Boike, S., Ramar, K., Subramanian, S., & Surani, S. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59050818 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Other variables include gender, occupational status, age, medical conditions, lifestyle changes involving health behavior (eg, sedentary behavior, maladaptive eating habits) [8,17,112].”
BackgroundInfluentialMusetti, A., Gori, A., Alessandra, A., Topino, E., Terrone, G., Plazzi, G., Cacioppo, M., & Franceschini, C. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s348242 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
OLIVE, L. S., Sciberras, E., Berkowitz, T. S., Hoare, E., Telford, R. M., O'Neil, A. E., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., Evans, S., Hutchinson, D. M., McGillivray, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774858 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Alfonsi, V., Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Zivi, P., Sdoia, S., Mari, E., Quaglieri, A., Ferlazzo, F., Giannini, A. M., & Gennaro, L. D. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13500 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The pattern of our results is consistent with previous literature (for a review, see Jahrami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultSocial Isolation and Sleep: Manifestation During COVID-19 Quarantines
Pilcher, J. J., Dorsey, L. L., Galloway, S. M., & Erikson, D. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.810763 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Alhasani, M., Alkhawaji, A., & Orji, R. (2022) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2022/7376748 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Paul, E., & Fancourt, D. E. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14123-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This is important to ascertain, as negative changes have been observed in many of these health behaviours during the pandemic [21, 22] If such behavioural factors are found to increase risk for long COVID it could help inform public health programmes designed to reduce the risk of further cases of long COVID.”
BackgroundSleep and dreaming in the light of reactive and predictive homeostasis.
Simor, P., Peigneux, P., & Bódizs, R. (2023) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105104 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“A wealth of studies implied that home confinement under stressful environmental conditions had a pronounced influence not only on sleep (Gorgoni et al., 2022; Jahrami et al., 2021; Simor et al., 2021) but also on dreaming (Gorgoni et al., 2022, 2021; Pesonen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBoucher, V. G., Dahl, M., Lee, J., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M. R., & Puterman, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.109 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jahrami, H., BaHammam, A. S., Bragazzi, N. L., Saif, Z., Faris, M., & Vitiello, M. V.
- Affiliations
- Ministry of Health (BH)
- King Saud University (SA)
- York University (CA)
- University of Sharjah (AE)
- University of Washington (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 299-313
- ISSN
- 1550-9389 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9397
- PMC
- PMC7853219
- OpenAlex
- W3097605919
- Cited by
- 751
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 180 · 2022: 268 · 2021: 124
- FWCI
- 11.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers, COVID-19 patients, general population
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Quarantine, Sleep Wake Disorders, Pandemics
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