The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and Validity Study in Greece
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To translate the Perceived Stress Scale (versions PSS-4, -10 and -14) and to assess its psychometric properties in a sample of general Greek population. Methods: 941 individuals completed anonymously questionnaires comprising of PSS, the Depression Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS-21 version), and a list of stress-related symptoms. Psychometric properties of PSS were investigated by confirmatory factor analysis (construct validity), Cronbach’s alpha (reliability), and by investigating relations with the DASS-21 scores and the number of symptoms, across individuals’ characteristics. The two-factor structure of PSS-10 and PSS-14 was confirmed in our analysis. We found satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha values (0.82 for the full scale) for PSS-14 and PSS-10 and marginal satisfactory values for PSS-4 (0.69). PSS score exhibited high correlation coefficients with DASS-21 subscales scores, meaning stress (r = 0.64), depression (r = 0.61), and anxiety (r = 0.54). Women reported significantly more stress compared to men and divorced or widows compared to married or singled only. A strong significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation between the stress score and the number of self-reported symptoms was also noted. Conclusions: The Greek versions of the PSS-14 and PSS-10 exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties and their use for research and health care practice is warranted.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These questionnaires have been widely used in pregnancy studies.36,37,38,39,40,41”
From Association of prenatal maternal psychological distress with fetal brain growth, metabolism, and cortical maturation. (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Psychometrically sound questionnaires measuring stress, anxiety, and depression were used and completed on the same day as each fetal MRI visit.”
From Association of Elevated Maternal Psychological Distress, Altered Fetal Brain, and Offspring Cognitive and Social-Emotional Outcomes at 18 Months (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136404 · Cited by 32,807
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Stress
Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004 · Cited by 7,813
Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach
Steiger, J. H. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4 · Cited by 7,408
Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Third Edition
Byrne, B. M. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315757421 · Cited by 4,653
(1988) · Cited by 4,111
Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress
Folkman, S. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00040-3 · Cited by 1,848 · cited 1×
“that individuals react first to a stressor or threatening event (primary appraisal), and then judge their ability to cope (secondary appraisal) [35].”
Background(1995) · Cited by 1,270
The structural equation modeling approach: Basic concepts and fundamental issues.
Hoyle, R. H. (1995) · Cited by 1,095
Psychometric Properties of a European Spanish Version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
Remor, E. (2006) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600006004 · Cited by 1,003
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Spacapan, S, and Oskamp, S (1988). The Social Psychology of Health: Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, Sage.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–644 of 644
Almohammadi, I. A., & Keshky, M. E. S. E. (2025) · مجلة البحث العلمي في الآداب · doi:10.21608/jssa.2025.371002.1714
Evaluating student stress in relation to a short-term study abroad program in animal science
Lawrence, J., Boerngen, M. A., & Lugar, D. (2025) · NACTA Journal · doi:10.56103/nactaj.v69i1.232
Construct Validity of the Perceived Stress Scale 4 in a Norwegian Adult ADHD Community Population
Pedersen, H., Skliarova, T., Lydersen, S., Hafstad, H., Havnen, A., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70028
Gong, R., Moreno, P. I., Yanez, B. R., & Penedo, F. J. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-025-00612-8
Attachment Style, Perceived Stress, and Physical and Mental Health: A Cross-sectional Study
Betinaki, D., Bacopoulou, F., Malisiova, E. K., Vlachakis, D., Chrousos, G. P., & Darviri, C. (2025) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03394-9_23
Self-citationSakellariou, C., Nikolaou, I., Bacopoulou, F., Efthymiou, V., Vlachakis, D., Darviri, C., & Kanaka‐Gantenbein, C. (2025) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03398-7_27
Self-citationWho Benefits from Barefooting? The Key Role of Baseline Wellbeing in Psychophysical Restoration
Lorenzo, A. D., Berteotti, S., Giannotta, F., & Rabaglietti, E. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22121779
Factors Influencing Perceived Stress Among Informal Caregivers of Older Adults in Kerman in 2023
Nasab, M. E., Tabatabaei, S. V., Karamoozian, A., & Nejad, V. R. B. (2025) · Health and Development Journal · doi:10.34172/jhad.1169
Psychosocial stress as a factor influencing the rate of human aging
Gilyarevskiy, S. R., Eruslanova, K. A., & Shchedrina, A. Y. (2025) · Problems of Geroscience · doi:10.37586/2949-4745-1-2025-7-14
Correlation between Perceived Stress and Postural Control in Young AdultsPreprint
Deviprasad, L., Parikh, N., Hajare, B. R., & Iyer, S. K. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4851940
Varela, P., Zervas, I., Vivilaki, V. G., Lykeridou, A., & Δελτσίδου, Ά. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26695602
Additional file 1 of Exploring wellbeing in first year medical students amidst a curriculum change
Merrick, D., Mbaki, Y., Pratten, M. K., & Simpson, T. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14526392
Ribeiro Santiago, P. H., Nielsen, T., Smithers, L. G., Roberts, R., & Jamieson, L. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12134313
Additional file 2 of Exploring wellbeing in first year medical students amidst a curriculum change
Merrick, D., Mbaki, Y., Pratten, M. K., & Simpson, T. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14526395
Souza, R. T., Pereira, G. M., Takayama, M. Y. K., Morvillo, M., Fein, J. M., Munezero, A., Nhauche, M. P., Alves, A. C., Mayrink, J., Galvão, R. B., et al. (2026) · doi:10.12688/verixiv.2257.1
Stymfaliadi, V., Μanios, Y., Androutsos, O., Michou, M., Angelopoulou, E., Tigani, X., Pipelias, P., Katsouli, S., & Kanaka‐Gantenbein, C. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18020364
Fotiou, A., Parastatidou, S., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., & Siahanidou, T. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-08740-y
Self-citationMarupudi, S., Hensley, J., Gullapalli, S., Maria, D. S., & Anand, N. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.104477
Burić, I., Žderić, L., Bögels, S. M., & de Bruin, E. I. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02779-w
Villaceran, C. A. (2026) · Indonesian Journal of Education Research (IJoER) · doi:10.37251/ijoer.v7i1.2120
Mahey, R., Patkar, D., Kalaivani, M., Hemraj, C., Deep, R., Jayraj, A. K., Badal, R., & Shukla, A. (2026) · Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_241_25
Walton, L. M., Hakim, R. M., Schwartz, J. J., Raigangar, V. L., Zaaeed, N., Gichuru, W., Schbley, B., Sitaula, C., George, N., Torres, S., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8942043/v1
Risques psychosociaux, biomarqueurs du stress et sédentarité au travail
Clinchamps, M. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f7fded06zbd50z4b94za835zaceb55c78968
Minhas, A. K., & Pandey, D. R. (2025) · Pacific Journal of Modern Theories and Research · doi:10.66629/pj0006
Huda, N., Shaw, M. K., Gautama, M. S. N., Pranata, S., Wiratama, B. S., & Sarasmita, M. A. (2026) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608251379030
Stress, Resilience, and Sense of Coherence in Healthcare Professionals
Pachi, A., Sikaras, C., Lekka, D., Kasimis, D., Tselebis, A., & Ilias, Ι. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14101291
Sperling, E. L., & Hulett, J. M. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-09556-2
Durukan, M. H., & Basim, H. N. (2026) · Research in Sport Education and Sciences · doi:10.62425/rses.1880107
Evaluating the Influence of Traffic Congestion on Perceived Stress Level of Commuters
Pamidimukkala, A., & Kermanshachi, S. (2026) · ASCE International Conference on Transportation and Development (ICTD) · doi:10.1061/9780784487020.100
Graduate Students’ Mental Health During COVID-19
Yoo, H. J., & Marshall, D. T. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-897-520251019
McKenzie, C., Mumme, K., Lawrence, R. L., Jones, B., Sims, S. T., Paul, R., Romero‐Parra, N., Beck, K., Pedlar, C. R., Bruinvels, G., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10085841/v1
Low, A., & Lam, B. (2026) · Exploration of Musculoskeletal Diseases · doi:10.37349/emd.2026.1007128
Validation of the perceived stress scale (PSS-10) in a sample of Afghan students
Saadat, S., Bjärtå, A., Engström, L., Shamami, M. H., Azizi, B. A., Talbian, W., & Afsharzada, M. S. (2026) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100728
Alexatou, O., Papadopoulou, S. Κ., Angelakou, E.-P., Migdanis, A., Mentzelou, M., Migdanis, I., Louka, A., Serdari, A., & Giaginis, C. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18152434
Ifrah, R., Gantz, L., & Avi Besser, A. (2026) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/ovs2.70091
Loiselle, M., & Travis, F. T. (2026) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057261479602
Occupational Stress among Health Professional during Covid-19 Pandemic
Supratman, S., Mastuti, D., Widodo, A., & Rosyid, F. N. (2021) · Proceeding ISETH (International Summit on Science Technology and Humanity) · doi:10.23917/iseth.1278
Morgus, K., Noel, T. K., & Stavisky, C. J. (2026) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Education · doi:10.26681/jote.2026.100301
Gintoni, I., Damaskopoulou, E., Siouti, Z., Baldouni, K., Skoufou, M., PACHIS, N., Dettoraki, A., Michalopoulou, A., Pergantou, H., Vlachakis, D., et al. (2026) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17091124
Self-citationChotzoglou, K., Raftopoulou, G., & Karakasidou, E. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-05623-x
Ntoumas, I., Antoniou, N., Bourganos, N., Stylou, S., Kotsi, A., Zarogiannis, K., Katsiaribas, G., Σίμου, Χ., Gkiata, P., Durrer, C. G., et al. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14203416
Marrie, R. A., Kowalec, K., Fakolade, A. O., Fisk, J., Donkers, S. J., Maxwell, C. J., Smyth, P. S., Wolfson, C. M., & Finlayson, M. L. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107983
Charalampopoulou, M., Zografos, G. C., Tsakogiannis, D., Anastasiou, I. A., Bletsa, G., Tryfonopoulos, D. J., Daskalakis, P. E., Chrousos, G. P., Bacopoulou, F., Zagouri, F., et al. (2026) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2026.112263
Self-citationTsopa, P., Kostares, M., Panou, C., Stamatiou, K., Liga, G., Kastellanou, F., Aggelopoulos, D., Stampouloglou, P., Lekkakou, A., & Πιάγκου, Μ. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.119067
Metadata
- Authors
- Andreou, E., Alexopoulos, E. C., Lionis, C., Varvogli, L., Gnardellis, C., Chrousos, G. P., & Darviri, C.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- University of Crete (GR)
- Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Alexopoulos, Evangelos C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2011-08-11
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3287-3298
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3166743
- OpenAlex
- W2133502190
- Cited by
- 641
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 24.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
- Keywords
- Perceived Stress Scale, PSS-14, PSS-10, psychometric properties, Greek translation, cross-cultural adaptation, construct validity, reliability statistics, DASS-21, depression, anxiety, stress, sex differences, marital status, stress symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Cities, Depression, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Greece, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Sex Distribution, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
