Hepatotoxicity by Dietary Supplements: A Tabular Listing and Clinical Characteristics
Open accessAbstract
Dietary supplements (DS) are extensively consumed worldwide despite unproven efficacy. The true incidence of DS-induced liver injury (DSILI) is unknown but is probably under-diagnosed due to the general belief of safety of these products. Reported cases of herbals and DS-induced liver injury are increasing worldwide. The aim of this manuscript is to report a tabular listing with a description of DS associated with hepatotoxicity as well as review the phenotype and severity of DSILI. Natural remedies related to hepatotoxicity can be divided into herbal product-induced liver injury and DS-induced liver injury. In this article, we describe different DS associated with liver injury, some of them manufactured DS containing several ingredients (Herbalife™ products, Hydroxycut™, LipoKinetix™, UCP-1 and OxyELITE™) while others have a single ingredient (green tea extract, linoleic acid, usnic acid, 1,3-Dimethylamylamine, vitamin A, Garcinia cambogia and ma huang). Additional DS containing some of the aforementioned ingredients implicated in liver injury are also covered. We have also included illicit androgenic anabolic steroids for bodybuilding in this work, as they are frequently sold under the denomination of DS despite being conventional drugs.
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Several studies report that high doses of pure compounds increase the risk of hepatotoxicity.
“with several studies reporting the increased risk of hepatotoxicity [234]”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [234]
The in vivo safety of high doses of pure compounds (over 100 times higher than the natural occurrence in some cases) is unlikely to be feasibly extrapolated from in vitro mechanistic research.
“Furthermore, the in vivo safety of high doses of pure compounds (over 100 times higher than the natural occurrence in some cases) is unlikely to be feasibly extrapolated from in vitro mechanistic research, with several studies reporting the increased risk of hepatotoxicity [234], and others highlighting the increased risk of stroke and premature death [235], and even carcinogenesis [236].”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [234]
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- Authors
- García-Cortés, M., Robles-Díaz, M., Ortega-Alonso, A., Medina-Caliz, I., & Andrade, R.
- Affiliations
- Servicio de Farmacología Clíınica and Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-04-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 537
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4848993
- OpenAlex
- W2321798362
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III cofounded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional – FEDER (PI04/1688, PI12-00620, AC-0073-2013)
- Agencia Española del Medicamento.
- CIBERehd is funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III.
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant Toxicity and Pharmacological Properties
- Keywords
- drug-induced liver injury, herbal supplements, green tea extract, Garcinia cambogia, Ma Huang, usnic acid, linoleic acid, vitamin A, anabolic steroids, bodybuilding supplements, Herbalife, liver injury severity, natural remedies
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Plants, Medicinal, Dietary Supplements, Plant Preparations, Testosterone Congeners, Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
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