Cited by 191Gut microbiota and healthAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

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d-glutamate and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease

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Chang, Chun-Hung, Lin, Chieh-Hsin, Lane, Hsien-Yuan·2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences

DOI 10.3390/ijms21082676PMC PMC7215955

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Abstract

Background: An increasing number of studies have shown that the brain–gut–microbiota axis may significantly contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Moreover, impaired memory and learning involve the dysfunction neurotransmission of glutamate, the agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current cutting-edge research on the gut microbiota and glutamate alterations associated with dementia. Methods: PubMed, the Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, and Cochrane Systematic Reviews were reviewed for all studies on glutamate and gut microbiota in dementia published up until Feb 2020. Results: Several pilot studies have reported alterations of gut microbiota and metabolites in AD patients and other forms of dementia. Gut microbiota including Bacteroides vulgatus and Campylobacter jejuni affect glutamate metabolism and decrease the glutamate metabolite 2-keto-glutaramic acid. Meanwhile, gut bacteria with glutamate racemase including Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, and Brevibacterium avium can convert l-glutamate to d-glutamate. N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR)-enhancing agents have been found to potentially improve cognition in AD or Parkinson’s disease patients. These findings suggest that d-glutamate (d-form glutamate) metabolized by the gut bacteria may influence the glutamate NMDAR and cognitive function in dementia patients. Conclusions: Gut microbiota and glutamate are potential novel interventions to be developed for dementia. Exploring comprehensive cognitive functions in animal and human trials with glutamate-related NMDAR enhancers are warranted to examine d-glutamate signaling efficacy in gut microbiota in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative dementias.

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Authors: Chang, C.-H., Lin, C.-H., & Lane, H.-Y.
Affiliations: China Medical University (TW)
Chang Gung University (TW)
Asia University (TW)
Corresponding author: Lin, Chieh-Hsin
Lane, Hsien-Yuan
ORCID: Chang, Chun-Hung
Lin, Chieh-Hsin
Lane, Hsien-Yuan
Venue: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-04-11
Volume: 21
Issue: 8
Pages: 2676
ISSN: 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082676
PMC: PMC7215955
OpenAlex: W3015756776
Cited by: 191
References: 132
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 8
FWCI: 2.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: China Medical University Hospital (DMR‐108‐BC2)
Chang Gung Medical Foundation
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST108-2628-B182A-002, MOST108-2314-B039-002, MOST107-2628-B182A-002, MOST107-2632-B039-001)
National Health Research Institutes (NHRI-EX108-10731NI)
China Medical University
Division of Materials Research
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: D-glutamic acid, gut microbiota, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, brain-gut-microbiota axis, glutamate metabolism, NMDA receptor, glutamate racemase, Bacteroides vulgatus, Campylobacter jejuni, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, cognitive function, neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Diet, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Synaptic Transmission, Signal Transduction, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Glutamic Acid, Metabolic Networks and Pathways

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