The Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
The gut microbiota comprises a complex community of microorganism species that resides in our gastrointestinal ecosystem and whose alterations influence not only various gut disorders but also central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD, the most common form of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with impaired cognition and cerebral accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ). Most notably, the microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that is not fully understood, but includes neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways. Studies in germ-free animals and in animals exposed to pathogenic microbial infections, antibiotics, probiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation suggest a role for the gut microbiota in host cognition or AD-related pathogenesis. The increased permeability of the gut and blood-brain barrier induced by microbiota dysbiosis may mediate or affect AD pathogenesis and other neurodegenerative disorders, especially those associated with aging. In addition, bacteria populating the gut microbiota can secrete large amounts of amyloids and lipopolysaccharides, which might contribute to the modulation of signaling pathways and the production of proinflammatory cytokines associated with the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, imbalances in the gut microbiota can induce inflammation that is associated with the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and AD. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the current findings that may elucidate the role of the gut microbiota in the development of AD. Understanding the underlying mechanisms may provide new insights into novel therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Systemic inflammatory signals can be transmitted to the CNS, where they may directly impact AD pathogenesis.
“Furthermore, mounting evidence suggests that systemic inflammatory signals can be transmitted to the CNS, where they may directly impact AD pathogenesis.12–14”
From TET2-mutant myeloid cells mitigate Alzheimer’s disease progression via CNS infiltration and enhanced phagocytosis in mice (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Abnormal gut microbiota has been reported in several AD mouse models.
“Abnormal gut microbiota has been reported in several AD mouse models [589, 590].”
From Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [589]
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Li, Y., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Z., Loake, V. I. P., Bao, X., & Loake, G. J. (2024) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.4145 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zheng, R., Huang, S., Feng, P., Liu, S., Jiang, M., Li, H., Zheng, P., Mi, Y., & Li, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1557174 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dumitru, C. N., Dumitru, A. O., Popa, G. V., Marcu, T., Ursu, M., Nechita, A., & Matei, N. M. (2026) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj14050289 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…reported in AD patients, including reductions in butyrate producers and increases in LPS-producing species, partially overlap with the dysbiotic patterns observed following oral pathogen colonization in animal models, though a causal relationship has not been established in humans [8,104–108].”
- Authors
- Jiang, C., Li, G., Huang, P., Liu, Z., & Zhao, B.
- Affiliations
- Guangdong Medical College (CN)
- Southern Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Zhou
- Zhao, Bin
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-05-03
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- OpenAlex
- W2600656194
- Semantic Scholar
- 06f72819666bdfcbc6d14e9cd453eb652f756955
- Cited by
- 852
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 11
- FWCI
- 5.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Humans, Gastrointestinal Tract
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