Cited by 519Tryptophan and brain disordersGut microbiota and healthAmino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism

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Tryptophan Metabolism and Gut-Brain Homeostasis

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Roth, William, Zadeh, Kimia, Vekariya, Rushi, Ge, Yong, Mohamadzadeh, Mansour·2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences

DOI 10.3390/ijms22062973PMC PMC8000752

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Abstract

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid critical for protein synthesis in humans that has emerged as a key player in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. It is the only precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is vital for the processing of emotional regulation, hunger, sleep, and pain, as well as colonic motility and secretory activity in the gut. Tryptophan catabolites from the kynurenine degradation pathway also modulate neural activity and are active in the systemic inflammatory cascade. Additionally, tryptophan and its metabolites support the development of the central and enteric nervous systems. Accordingly, dysregulation of tryptophan metabolites plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Gut microbes influence tryptophan metabolism directly and indirectly, with corresponding changes in behavior and cognition. The gut microbiome has thus garnered much attention as a therapeutic target for both neurologic and psychiatric disorders where tryptophan and its metabolites play a prominent role. In this review, we will touch upon some of these features and their involvement in health and disease.

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Authors: Roth, W., Zadeh, K., Vekariya, R., Ge, Y., & Mohamadzadeh, M.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
Corresponding author: Roth, William
Mohamadzadeh, Mansour
ORCID: Roth, William
Vekariya, Rushi
Mohamadzadeh, Mansour
Venue: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2021-03-15
Volume: 22
Issue: 6
Pages: 2973
ISSN: 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062973
PMC: PMC8000752
OpenAlex: W3137164735
Cited by: 519
References: 194
Citations by year: 2026: 102 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 10
FWCI: 6.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (DK109560C, R01AI154630-01)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Keywords: tryptophan metabolism, gut-brain axis, gut microbiota, serotonin, kynurenine pathway, tryptophan catabolites, neuroinflammation, enteric nervous system, neurological disorders, mental illness, microbiota-targeted therapy
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Brain, Colon, Homeostasis, Humans, Hunger, Kynurenine, Pain, Serotonin, Sleep, Tryptophan, Enteric Nervous System

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