Tryptophan Metabolism: A Link Between the Gut Microbiota and Brain
Open accessAbstract
The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a bilateral communication network between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system. The essential amino acid tryptophan contributes to the normal growth and health of both animals and humans and, importantly, exerts modulatory functions at multiple levels of the GBA. Tryptophan is the sole precursor of serotonin, which is a key monoamine neurotransmitter participating in the modulation of central neurotransmission and enteric physiological function. In addition, tryptophan can be metabolized into kynurenine, tryptamine, and indole, thereby modulating neuroendocrine and intestinal immune responses. The gut microbial influence on tryptophan metabolism emerges as an important driving force in modulating tryptophan metabolism. Here, we focus on the potential role of tryptophan metabolism in the modulation of brain function by the gut microbiota. We start by outlining existing knowledge on tryptophan metabolism, including serotonin synthesis and degradation pathways of the host, and summarize recent advances in demonstrating the influence of the gut microbiota on tryptophan metabolism. The latest evidence revealing those mechanisms by which the gut microbiota modulates tryptophan metabolism, with subsequent effects on brain function, is reviewed. Finally, the potential modulation of intestinal tryptophan metabolism as a therapeutic option for brain and GI functional disorders is also discussed.
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Abnormal tryptophan metabolism has been reported in plasma and feces of children with ASD.
“in both plasma (17) and feces (18), abnormal tryptophan metabolism has been reported in children with ASD”
A correlation between altered concentrations of tryptophan and serotonin and gut dysbiosis was observed in ASD patients.
“a correlation between altered concentrations of tryptophan and serotonin and gut dysbiosis was observed in ASD patients”
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Hericium Erinaceus Prevents DEHP-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis in PC12 Cells
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- Authors
- Gao, K., Mu, C.-L., Farzi, A., & Zhu, W.-Y.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing Agricultural University (CN)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Advances in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 709-723
- ISSN
- 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-8313
- PMC
- PMC7231603
- OpenAlex
- W2996359250
- Cited by
- 1,029
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 246 · 2025: 260 · 2024: 221 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 18
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31430082)
- National Key Basic Research Program of China (2013CB127300)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Keywords
- tryptophan metabolism, gut microbiota, gut-brain axis, serotonin synthesis, kynurenine pathway, tryptamine, indole, enteric nervous system, intestinal immune response, neuroendocrine regulation, brain function, functional gastrointestinal disorders
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Brain, Humans, Kynurenine, Tryptophan, Neurotransmitter Agents
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